Cardiovascular disease remains the most common health problem in developed countries,\nand residual risk after implementing all current therapies is still high. Permanent changes in lifestyle\nmay be hard to achieve and people may not always be motivated enough to make the recommended\nmodifications. Emerging research has explored the application of natural food-based strategies in\ndisease management. In recent years, much focus has been placed on the beneficial effects of fish\nconsumption. Many of the positive effects of fish consumption on dyslipidemia and heart diseases\nhave been attributed to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs, i.e., EPA and DHA); however,\nfish is also an excellent source of protein and, recently, fish protein hydrolysates containing bioactive\npeptides have shown promising activities for the prevention/management of cardiovascular disease\nand associated health complications. The present review will focus on n-3 PUFAs and bioactive\npeptides effects on cardiovascular disease risk factors. Moreover, since considerable controversy\nexists regarding the association between n-3 PUFAs and major cardiovascular endpoints, we have\nalso reviewed the main clinical trials supporting or not this association.
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