Nutrition is a primary modifiable determinant of chronic noncommunicable disease, including\nosteoporosis. An etiology of osteoporosis is the stimulation of bone-resorbing osteoclasts by reactive\noxygen species (ROS). Dietary polyphenols and probiotics demonstrate protective effects on bone\nthat are associated with reduced ROS formation and suppressed osteoclast activity. This study\ntested the effect of dietary enrichment with powdered whole grape and probiotics (composed of\nequal parts Bifidobacterium bifidum, B. breve, Lactobacillus casei, L. plantarum, and L. bulgaricus) on bone\nmicroarchitecture in a mouse model of age-related osteoporosis. Groups (n = 7 each) of 10-month-old\nmale mice were fed one of six diets for 6 months: 10% grape powder with sugar corrected to 20%;\n20% grape powder; 1% probiotic with sugar corrected to 20%; 10% grape powder + 1% probiotic with\nsugar corrected to 20%; 20% grape powder + 1%probiotic; 20% sugar control. Femur, tibia and 4th lumbar\nvertebrae from 10-month-old mice served as comparator baseline samples. Bone microarchitecture was\nmeasured by micro-computed tomography and compared across diet groups using analysis of variance.\nAging exerted a significant effect on tibia metaphysis trabecular bone, with baseline 10-month-old mice\nhaving significantly higher bone volume/total volume (BV/TV) and trabecular number measurements\nand lower trabecular spacing measurements than all 16-month-old groups (p < 0.001). Neither grape nor\nprobiotic enrichment significantly improved bone microarchitecture during aging compared to control\ndiet. The combination of 20% grape + 1% probiotic exerted detrimental effects on tibia metaphysis\nBV/TV compared to 10% grape + 1% probiotic, and trabecular number and trabecular spacing compared\nto 10% grape + 1% probiotic, 1% probiotic and control groups (p < 0.05). Femur metaphysis trabecular\nbone displayed less pronounced aging effects than tibia bone, but also showed detrimental effects of the\n20% grape + 1% probiotic vs. most other diets for BV/TV, trabecular number, trabecular spacing and\ntrabecular pattern factor (p < 0.05). Tibia and femur diaphysis cortical bone (cortical wall thickness and\nmedullary area) displayed neither aging nor diet effects (p > 0.05). Vertebrae bone showed age-related\ndeterioration in trabecular thickness and trabecular spacing and a trend toward preservation of trabecular\nthickness by grape and/or probiotic enrichment (p < 0.05). These findings demonstrate no benefit to\nbone of combined compared to independent supplementation with probiotics or whole grape powder\nand even suggest an interference of co-ingestion.
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