Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have been studied intensively due to their wide variety of applications and services, such as\npassenger safety, enhanced traffic efficiency, and infotainment.With the evolution of technology and sudden growth in the number\nof smart vehicles, traditional VANETs face several technical challenges in deployment and management due to less flexibility,\nscalability, poor connectivity, and inadequate intelligence. Cloud computing is considered a way to satisfy these requirements\nin VANETs. However, next-generation VANETs will have special requirements of autonomous vehicles with high mobility, low\nlatency, real-time applications, and connectivity, which may not be resolved by conventional cloud computing. Hence, merging\nof fog computing with the conventional cloud for VANETs is discussed as a potential solution for several issues in current and\nfuture VANETs. In addition, fog computing can be enhanced by integrating Software-Defined Network (SDN), which provides\nflexibility, programmability, and global knowledge of the network. We present two example scenarios for timely dissemination of\nsafety messages in future VANETs based on fog and a combination of fog and SDN. We also explained the issues that need to be\nresolved for the deployment of three different cloud-based approaches.
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