The smart grid concept enables demand-side management, including electric vehicles\n(EVs). Thus way, some ancillary services can be provided in order to improve the power system\nstability, reliability, and security. The high penetration level of renewable energy resources causes\nsome problems to independent system operators, such as lack of primary reserve and active power\nbalance problems. Nowadays, many countries are encouraging the use of EVs which provide a\ngood chance to utilize them as a virtual power plant (VPP) in order to contribute to frequency event.\nThis paper proposes a new control method to use EV as VPP for providing primary reserve in smart\ngrids. The primary frequency reserve helps the power system operator to intercept the frequency\ndecline and to improve the frequency response of the whole system. The proposed method calculates\nthe electric vehiclesâ?? primary reserve based on EVsâ?? information, such as the state of charge (SOC),\nthe arriving time and the vehicleâ??s departure time. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is verified\nby several simulation scenarios on a real-world modern power system with different generating\nunits, such as conventional power plants, renewable energy resources, and electric vehicles.
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