Background: The aims of the current study were to evaluate the inflammatory response in cow uterus and to explore\nthe molecular mechanism triggered by high concentrate-induced subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) in mid-lactating dairy\ncows. Twelve mid-lactating Holstein cows with an average weight of 455 kg were allocated into two groups subjected to\ntwo diets for 18-weeks either a low-concentrate (LC) group containing 4:6 (NDF: NFC) and a high-concentrate (HC) group\ncontaining 6:4 (non-forage carbohydrates, NFC): (neutral detergent fiber, NDF) ratio based on dry matter.\nResults: The HC group showed lower ruminal pH and higher lipopolysaccharide (LPS) concentrations in both the rumen\nand peripheral plasma compared to the LC group. The LPS concentrations in the rumen fluid and the peripheral plasma\nwere found significantly increased in the HC group compared to the LC group. The concentrations of IL-1�²,\nTNF-�± and IL-6 were significantly higher in the HC group compared to the LC group. The uterus of SARA cows\nrevealed elevated mRNA concentrations of nuclear transcription factors and pro-inflammatory cytokines, which\nconfirmed the presence of inflammation. The occurrence of uterine inflammation was further validated by the\nincreased protein expression of NF-�ºB-p65 and its active phosphorylated variant in the uterus of SARA cows.\nSimilarly, the inflammatory genes TLR4, LBP, MyD88, TRAF-6, NF-�ºB, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-�± and IL-1�² were significantly\nupregulated in the uterus of the HC versus the LC group.\nConclusion: Therefore, the results indicated that LPS derived from the rumen triggered the genes associated\nwith inflammation in the uterus of mid-lactating dairy cows fed a high-concentrate diet, causing endometritis
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