Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal malignancies, with a 5-year survival rate of around 10%. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of the epidemiology, risk factors, and preventive measures of pancreatic cancer. The global incidence of pancreatic cancer is currently increasing, with significant regional variations. Developed countries exhibit higher incidence and mortality rates compared to developing countries. Several genetic and environmental risk factors have been identified, including BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations, Lynch syndrome, smoking, obesity, and pesticide exposure. Primary prevention strategies focus on lifestyle modifications such as stopping smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, avoiding heavy alcohol consumption, and minimizing pesticide exposure. Secondary prevention focuses on improving early detection through advancements in imaging and the development of novel biomarkers, alongside the identification of molecular therapeutic targets to extend survival. Changes in the epidemiology of pancreatic cancer and the identification of new biomarkers could open roads for more accurate risk stratification, early detection, and more effective prevention strategies in pancreatic cancer.
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