Background: Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure is a well-established cardiovascular risk factor, yet association\nbetween SHS and prognosis of heart failure remains uncertain.\nMethod: Data were obtained from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys III from 1988 to 1994.\nCurrently nonsmoking adults with a self-reported history of heart failure were included. Household SHS exposure\nwas assessed by questionnaire. Participants were followed up through December 31, 2011. Cox proportionalhazards\nmodels were used to assess the association of household SHS exposure and mortality risk. Potential\nconfounding factors were adjusted.\nResults: Of 572 currently nonsmoking patients with heart failure, 88 were exposed to household SHS while 484\nwere not. There were totally 475 deaths during follow-up. In univariate analysis, household SHS was not associated\nwith mortality risk (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.98, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.76â??1.26, p = 0.864). However, after\nadjustment for demographic variables, socioeconomic variables and medication, heart failure patients in exposed\ngroup had a 43% increase of mortality risk compared with those in unexposed group (HR: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.10â??1.86,\np = 0.007). Analysis with further adjustment for general health status and comorbidities yielded similar result (HR:\n1.47, 95% CI: 1.13â??1.92, p = 0.005).\nConclusion: Household SHS exposure was associated with increased mortality risk in heart failure patients.
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