Ophthalmic drug delivery is quite important for treating disorders in posterior segment of eye such as retina, vitreous humor and optic nerve etc. The available topical applications like ophthalmic solutions, suspensions and ointments are primitive level of curing ocular diseases. Because of membrane barriers it is quite difficult to reach therapeutic drug concentrations in the posterior segments of the eye after administration of topical form of drug. To overcome these difficulties, novel ophthalmic formulations can be developed that specifically target posterior segment of the eye such in-situ gel, nanoparticle, liposome, nanosuspension, microemulsion, intophoresis and ocular inserts were developed in the last three decades which enhanced the bioavailability and corneal permeability of the drug as comparing to ophthalmic solutions and suspensions in a sustained and controlled release manner. This review article aims to deliver the various restraints of conventional ocular therapy and described various novel approaches to improve bioavailability of ocular drugs and advantages of vesicular approaches over the conventional forms along with the future challenges.
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