Bone loss and osteoporosis is a serious health problem worldwide. The impact of osteoporosis\nis far greater than many other serious health problems, such as breast and prostate cancers.\nStatistically, one in three women and one in five men over 50 years of age will experience osteoporotic\nfractures in their life. In this paper, the design and development of a portable IoT-based sensing\nsystem for early detection of bone loss have been presented. The CTx-I biomarker was measured\nin serum samples as a marker of bone resorption. A planar interdigital sensor was used to evaluate\nthe changes in impedance by any variation in the level of CTx-I. Artificial antibodies were used to\nintroduce selectivity to the sensor for CTx-I molecule. Artificial antibodies for CTx-I molecules were\ncreated using molecular imprinted polymer (MIP) technique in order to increase the stability of the\nsystem and reduce the production cost and complexity of the assay procedure. Real serum samples\ncollected from sheep blood were tested and the result validation was done by using an ELISA kit.\nThe PoC device was able to detect CTx-I concentration as low as 0.09 ng/mL. It exhibited an excellent\nlinear behavior in the range of 0.1ââ?¬â??2.5 ng/mL, which covers the normal reference ranges required for\nbone loss detection. Future possibilities to develop a smart toilet for simultaneous measurement of\ndifferent bone turnover biomarkers was also discussed.
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