Tablet disintegration is an essential step for fast drug release. Disintegrants are substances or mixture of substances added in drug formulations which increases dispersion or breakup of tablets and capsules into smaller particles for fast dissolution. Fast dissolving, fast melting, chewable and orally dissolving or disintegrating tablets are solid dosage forms that disintegrate rapidly and dissolve in the mouth without water. These products have staying power in the marketplace because they have great appeal to consumers and increased compliance among users. The main challenge with orally disintegrating tablets is to develop tablet formulations having rapid disintegration, pleasant mouth feel and high breaking force for tablet robustness. The disintegration of dosage forms depends upon various physical factors of superdisintegrants percentage of disintegrants used, proportion of disintegrants used, compatibility with other excipients, and presence of surfactants and hardness of the tablets, nature of drug substances and mixing and types of addition. Mechanisms for tablet disintegration are swelling, porosity and capillary action (wicking), deformation, enzymatic reaction, due to disintegrating particle/particle repulsive forces, heat of wetting, due to release of gases and combination action. Natural Superdisintegrants includes mucilage of Isapghula Husk, Cress, Gum Karaya, Fenugreek Seed and gum of Locust Bean, Chitin and chitosan, Gellan, Agar, Alginates, Soy polysaccharide, Cassia fistula, Xanthan, Cucurbita maxima pulp powder, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn. Mucilage and Mango Peel Pectin. Synthetic Superdisintegrants includes Cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone (crospovidone, Polyplasdone XL, XL10), Microcrystalline Cellulose (Avicel), Modified Cellulose (croscarmellose sodium, Ac-Di-Sol), Sodium Starch Glycolate (Explotab, Primogel), Resins, Calcium Silicate and Ion exchange resins.
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