Implantable electrical interfaces with the nervous system were first enabled by cardiac pacemaker technology over 50 years ago and\nhave since diverged into almost all of the physiological functions controlled by the nervous system. There have been a few major\nclinical and commercial successes, many contentious claims, and some outright failures. These tend to be reviewed within each\nclinical subspecialty, obscuring the many commonalities of neural control, biophysics, interface materials, electronic\ntechnologies, and medical device regulation that they share. This review cites a selection of foundational and recent journal\narticles and reviews for all major applications of neural prosthetic interfaces in clinical use, trials, or development. The hardwon\nknowledge and experience across all of these fields can now be amalgamated and distilled into more systematic processes\nfor development of clinical products instead of the often empirical (trial and error) approaches to date. These include a frank\nassessment of a specific clinical problem, the state of its underlying science, the identification of feasible targets, the availability\nof suitable technologies, and the path to regulatory and reimbursement approval. Increasing commercial interest and investment\nfacilitates this systematic approach, but it also motivates projects and products whose claims are dubious.
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