The universal fear of needle sticks is an indicator of the need of convenient and viable alternative modes of vaccine delivery, and to overcome the other problems associated with the conventional injectable vaccines, administering the vaccines through oral route is the best possible approach. But the practice of oral route vaccine delivery is most difficult because of the numerous barriers posed by the gastrointestinal tract. To overcome all the challenges in the design of oral vaccines, many types of antigen carriers were developed from the past two decades, particularly focusing on a specific approach- “by targeting M cells present on Peyer’s Patches”. Current research works carrying on animals and human beings shown that the antigen carriers such as liposomes, emulsions, microparticles, nanoparticles, dendrimers, and niosomes were able to be taken up selectively by M cells on Peyer's patches and the induction of humoral, cellular, mucosal, and systemic immunity was also observed in almost all the cases. This review summarizes recent research efforts of the entire above mentioned novel oral vaccine delivery systems in detail.
Loading....