When the connection to Internet is not available during networking activities, an opportunistic approach exploits the encounters\nbetweenmobile human-carried devices for exchanging information.When users encounter each other, their handheld devices can\ncommunicate in a cooperative way, using the encounter opportunities for forwarding their messages, in a wireless manner. But,\nanalyzing real behaviors, most of the nodes exhibit selfish behaviors, mostly to preserve the limited resources (data buffers and\nresidual energy). That is the reason why node selfishness should be taken into account when describing networking activities: in\nthis paper, we first evaluate the effects of node selfishness in opportunistic networks.Then, we propose a routing mechanism for\nmanaging node selfishness in opportunistic communications, namely, SORSI (Social-based Opportunistic Routing with Selfishness\ndetection and Incentive mechanisms). SORSI exploits the social-based nature of node mobility and other social features of nodes\nto optimize message dissemination together with a selfishness detection mechanism, aiming at discouraging selfish behaviors and\nboosting data forwarding. Simulating several percentages of selfish nodes, our results on real-world mobility traces showthat SORSI\nis able to outperform the social-based schemes Bubble Rap and SPRINT-SELF, employing also selfishness management in terms\nof message delivery ratio, overhead cost, and end-to-end average latency. Moreover, SORSI achieves delivery ratios and average\nlatencies comparable to Epidemic Routing while having a significant lower overhead cost.
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