Although neurological ailments continue to be some of the main causes of disease burden in the world, current therapies such\nas pharmacological agents have limited potential in the restoration of neural functions. Cell therapies, firstly applied to treat\ndifferent hematological diseases, are now being investigated in preclinical and clinical studies for neurological illnesses. However,\nthe potential applications and mechanisms for such treatments are still poorly comprehended and are the focus of permanent\nresearch. In this setting, noninvasive in vivo imaging allows better understanding of several aspects of stem cell therapies. Amongst\nthe various methods available, radioisotope cell labeling has become one of the most promising since it permits tracking of cells\nafter injection by different routes to investigate their biodistribution. A significant increase in the number of studies utilizing this\nmethod has occurred in the last years. Here, we review the different radiopharmaceuticals, imaging techniques, and findings of the\npreclinical and clinical reports published up to now. Moreover, we discuss the limitations and future applications of radioisotope\ncell labeling in the field of cell transplantation for neurological diseases.
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