Background: Although previous studies found that aberrations in gray matter volume (GMV) and global functional\nconnectivity density (gFCD) are important characteristics of schizophrenia, to the best of our knowledge no study to date\nhas investigated the associations between the spatial distribution patterns of GMV and gFCD alterations. We investigated\npattern changes in gFCD and GMV among patients with schizophrenia and their associated spatial distributions.\nMethods: Ninety-five patients with schizophrenia and 93 matched healthy controls underwent structural and\nresting-state functional MRI scanning to assess gFCD and GMV.\nResults: We found that gFCD increased in the subcortical regions (caudate, pallidum, putamen, and thalami) and\nlimbic system (left hippocampus and parahippocampus), and decreased in the posterior parieto-occipito-temporal\ncortices (postcentral gyri, occipital cortex, temporo-occipital conjunction, and inferior parietal lobule), in patients with\nschizophrenia. By contrast, we found decreased GMV in brain regions including the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital,\ncingulate cortices, and the insular, striatum, thalamus in these patients. Increased gFCD primarily occurred in subcortical\nregions including the basal ganglia and some regions of the limbic system. Decreased gFCD appeared primarily in the\ncortical regions. There were no statistically significant correlations between changes in gFCD and GMV, and their spatial\ndistribution patterns, in different regions.\nConclusions: Our findings indicate that gFCD and GMV are both perturbed in multiple brain regions in schizophrenia.\ngFCD and GMV consistently decreased in the cortical regions, with the exception of the Supplementary Motor Area\n(SMA). However, in the sub-cortical regions, the alterations of gFCD and GMV showed the opposite pattern, with\nincreased gFCD and decreased GMV simultaneously observed in these regions. Overall, our findings suggest that\nstructural and functional alterations appear to contribute independently to the neurobiology of schizophrenia.
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