We developed a Vital-signs-integrated Patient-assisted Intravenous opioid Analgesia (VPIA) analgesic\ninfusion pump, a closed-loop vital signs monitoring and drug delivery system which embodied in a novel\nalgorithm that took into account patientsâ?? vital signs (oxygen saturation, heart rate). The system aimed to allow\nresponsive titration of personalized pain relief to optimize pain relief and reduce the risk of respiratory depression.\nMoreover, the system would be important to enable continuous monitoring of patients during delivery of opioid\nanalgesia.\nMethods: Nineteen patients who underwent elective gynecological surgery with postoperative patient controlled\nanalgesia (PCA) with morphine were recruited. The subjects were followed up from their admission to the recovery\nroom/ ward for at least 24 h until assessment of patient satisfaction on the VPIA analgesic infusion pump..................
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