Hyperglycaemia occurring in diabetes is responsible for accelerated arterial remodeling and atherosclerosis, affecting the macroand\r\nthe microcirculatory system. Vessel injury is mainly related to deregulation of glucose homeostasis and insulin/insulinprecursors\r\nproduction, generation of advanced glycation end-products, reduction in nitric oxide synthesis, and oxidative and\r\nreductive stress. It occurs both at extracellular level with increased calcium and matrix proteins deposition and at intracellular\r\nlevel, with abnormalities of intracellular pathways and increased cell death. Peripheral arterial disease, coronary heart disease, and\r\nischemic stroke are the main causes of morbidity/mortality in diabetic patients representing a major clinical and economic issue.\r\nPharmacological therapies, administration of growth factors, and stem cellular strategies are the most effective approaches and\r\nwill be discussed in depth in this comprehensive review covering the regenerative therapies of diabetic microangiopathy.
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