Implantable medical devices are increasingly important in the practice of modern medicine. However, patients with severely\r\npoor bone quality and quantity require highest implant osseointegration for the long-term success. A number of newly-developed\r\nadvanced surface modifications of medical implants have recently been introduced to the medical implant system. Understanding the\r\nmechanisms by which osteogenic cells respond to such materials is therefore of major importance in developing the most effective\r\nmaterials to promote functional osseointegration. Diverse studies using materials with a wide range of new surface modification\r\ntechniques have demonstrated the pivotal role of surface treatments in cell adhesion, proliferation and lineage specific differentiation.\r\nThese events underlie the tissue responses required for bone healing following implant placement, with the interaction between adsorbed\r\nproteins on the implant surface and surrounding cells eliciting body responses to the treated implant surface. This review illustrates\r\ntissue responses to the implant material following implant placement and highlights cellular responses to new advanced implant surface\r\nmodifications. Such information is of utmost importance to further develop several new advanced surface modifications to be used in\r\nthe new era medical implantable devices.
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