Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVD) is a frequent pathological condition. Conservative management often fails, and patients\r\nwith IVD degeneration may require surgical intervention. Several treatment strategies have been proposed, although only surgical\r\ndiscectomy and arthrodesis have been proved to be predictably effective. The aim of biological strategies is to prevent and manage\r\nIVD degeneration, improve the function, the anabolic and reparative capabilities of the nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus\r\ncells, and inhibit matrix degradation. At present, clinical applications are still in their infancy. Further studies are required to\r\nclarify the role of mesenchymal stem cells and gene therapy for the prevention and treatment of IVD degeneration.
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