During growth, C. botulinum is always exposed to different environmental changes, such as temperature increase, nutrient\r\ndeprivation, and pH change; however, its corresponding global transcriptional profile is uncharacterized. This study is the first\r\ndescription of the genome-wide gene expression profile of C. botulinum in response to heat shock stress. Under heat stress\r\n(temperature shift from 37�°C to 45�°C over a period of 15 min), 176 C. botulinum ATCC 3502 genes were differentially expressed.\r\nThe response included overexpression of heat shock protein genes (dnaK operon, groESL, hsp20, and htpG) and downregulation of\r\naminoacyl-tRNA synthetase genes (valS, queA, tyrR, and gatAB) and ribosomal and cell division protein genes (ftsZ and ftsH).\r\nIn parallel, several transcriptional regulators (marR, merR, and ompR families) were induced, suggesting their involvement in\r\nreshuffling of the gene expression profile. In addition, many ABC transporters (oligopeptide transport system), energy production\r\nand conversion related genes (glpA and hupL), cell wall and membrane biogenesis related genes (fabZ, fabF, and fabG), flagellaassociated\r\ngenes (flhA, flhM, flhJ, flhS, and motAB), and hypothetical genes also showed changed expression patterns, indicating\r\nthat they may play important roles in survival under high temperatures.
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