The identification and validation of food intake biomarkers (FIBs) in human biofluids\nis a key objective for the evaluation of dietary intake. We report here the analysis of the GC-MS\nand 1H-NMR metabolomes of serum samples from a randomized cross-over study in 11 healthy\nvolunteers having consumed isocaloric amounts of milk, cheese, and a soy drink as non-dairy\nalternative. Serum was collected at baseline, postprandially up to 6 h, and 24 h after consumption.\nA multivariate analysis of the untargeted serum metabolomes, combined with a targeted analysis\nof candidate FIBs previously reported in urine samples from the same study, identified galactitol,\ngalactonate, and galactono-1,5-lactone (milk), 3-phenyllactic acid (cheese), and pinitol (soy drink) as\ncandidate FIBs for these products. Serum metabolites not previously identified in the urine samples,\ne.g., 3-hydroxyisobutyrate after cheese intake, were detected. Finally, an analysis of the postprandial\nbehavior of candidate FIBs, in particular the dairy fatty acids pentadecanoic acid and heptadecanoic\nacid, revealed specific kinetic patterns of relevance to their detection in future validation studies.\nTaken together, promising candidate FIBs for dairy intake appear to be lactose and metabolites thereof,\nfor lactose-containing products, and microbial metabolites derived from amino acids, for fermented\ndairy products such as cheese.
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