Increasing demands on the capabilities of engine thermo-??uid dynamic simulation and the ability to accurately predict both\r\nperformance and acoustics have led to the development of several approaches, ranging from fully 3D to simpli??ed 1D models. ?e\r\nquasi-3D approach is proposed as a compromise between the time-demanding 3D CFD analysis and the fast 1D approach; it allows\r\nto model the acoustics of intake and exhaust system components, used in internal combustion engines, resorting to a 3D network\r\nof 0D cells. Due to its 3D nature, the model predicts high-order modes, improving the accuracy at high frequencies with respect\r\nto conventional plane-wave approaches. ?e conservation equations of mass and energy are solved at cell centers, whereas the\r\nmomentum equation is applied to cell connections including speci??c source term to account for the of sound-absorbing materials\r\nand perforated elements. ?e quasi-3D approach has been validated by comparing the predicted transmission loss to measured\r\ndata for a number of standard con??gurations typical of internal combustion engine exhaust systems: a reverse-??ow chamber and\r\nseries chambers with perforates and resistive material.
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