Underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs) are often used for environmental\nand industrial sensing in undersea/ocean space, therefore, these networks\nare also named underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs). Underwater\nsensor networks are different from other sensor networks due to the\nacoustic channel used in their physical layer, thus we should discuss about the\nspecific features of these underwater networks such as acoustic channel modeling\nand protocol design for different layers of open system interconnection\n(OSI) model. Each node of these networks as a sensor needs to exchange data\nwith other nodes; however, complexity of the acoustic channel makes some\nchallenges in practice, especially when we are designing the network protocols.\nTherefore based on the mentioned cases, we are going to review general\nissues of the design of an UASN in this paper. In this regard, we firstly describe\nthe network architecture for a typical 3D UASN, then we review the\ncharacteristics of the acoustic channel and the corresponding challenges of it\nand finally, we discuss about the different layers e.g. MAC protocols, routing\nprotocols, and signal processing for the application layer of UASNs.
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