The temporal contingency of feedback is an essential requirement of successful human computer\ninteractions. The timing of feedback not only affects the behavior of a user but is\nalso accompanied by changes in psychophysiology and neural activity. In three fMRI experiments\nwe systematically studied the impact of delayed feedback on brain activity while subjects\nperformed an auditory categorization task. In the first fMRI experiment, we analyzed\nthe effects of rare and thus unexpected delays of different delay duration on brain activity. In\nthe second experiment, we investigated if users can adapt to frequent delays. Therefore,\ndelays were presented as often as immediate feedback. In a third experiment, the influence\nof interaction outage was analyzed by measuring the effect of infrequent omissions of feedback\non brain activity. The results show that unexpected delays in feedback presentation\ncompared to immediate feedback stronger activate inter alia bilateral the anterior insular\ncortex, the posterior medial frontal cortex, the left inferior parietal lobule and the right inferior\nfrontal junction. The strength of this activation increases with the duration of the delay.\nThus, delays interrupt the course of an interaction and trigger an orienting response that in\nturn activates brain regions of action control. If delays occur frequently, users can adapt,\ndelays become expectable, and the brain activity in the observed network diminishes over\nthe course of the interaction. However, introducing rare omissions of expected feedback\nreduces the system�s trustworthiness which leads to an increase in brain activity not only in\nresponse to such omissions but also following frequently occurring and thus expected\ndelays.
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