We have developed an energy balance equation for the universe. The two\nsystem parameters involved in the equation could be â??fine-tunedâ? so that the\npredicted temperature histories all lead to what is observed in the present\ncosmic microwave background. We have shown that various combinations of\nthese two parameters are possible; in particular, the present background temperature\nneeds not be the remnant of a very hot temperature in the far distance\npast. We also solved for the propagation of vortex solitons in optical fibres\nas contrasting examples to show how electromagnetic wave could be\ntransmitted in a particular waveform under strictly controlled conditions. To\navoid singularity, all vortexes have a black centre. We conclude that while\nnumerical techniques can be used to account for an infinite quantity, it is\nunlikely that such a quantity could exist in reality.
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