Current Issue : July - September Volume : 2014 Issue Number : 3 Articles : 7 Articles
Cirrhosis is characterized by the formation of regenerative nodules in liver parenchyma surrounded by fibrous septa\r\ndue to chronic liver injury. Cirrhosis occurs due to necrosis of liver cells followed by fibrosis and nodule formation. The liver\r\nstructure becomes abnormal and interferes with liver blood flow and function and leads to portal hypertension and impaired\r\nhepatocytes function. Chronic liver diseases represent a significant health problem across the globe with liver cirrhosis. The\r\nexact prevalence of cirrhosis worldwide is still unknown as the clinical spectrum ranges from indolent, asymptomatic to\r\ncomplete hepatic decompensation. Diagnosis of cirrhosis includes serological test, histological test, transient elastography and\r\nradio techniques like ultrasonography, computerised tomography scan and magnetic resonance imaging. Ursodeoxycholic acid\r\nis used for treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis. For treatment of autoimmune hepatitis prednisone and azathioprine are used.\r\nFor hepatitis B and C treatment interferon and antiviral agents are used. For treatment of hemochromatosis phlebotomy is used.\r\nFor treatment of wilson disease, trientine and zinc are used. Liver transplantation is main curative option for treatment of liver\r\ncirrhosis, but it possesses significant risk to the patient....
Understanding of the role of urothelium in regulating bladder function is continuing to evolve.While the urothelium is thought to\nfunction primarily as a barrier for preventing injurious substances and microorganisms from gaining access to bladder stroma and\nupper urinary tract, studies indicate it may also function in cell signaling events relating to voiding function. This review highlights\nurothelial abnormalities in bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis (BPS/IC), feline interstitial cystitis (FIC), and nonneurogenic\nidiopathic overactive bladder (OAB). These bladder conditions are typified by lower urinary tract symptoms including urinary\nfrequency, urgency, urgency incontinence, nocturia, and bladder discomfort or pain. Urothelial tissues and cells from affected\nclinical subjects and asymptomatic controls have been compared for expression of proteins and mRNA. Animal models have also\nbeen used to probe urothelial responses to injuries of the urothelium, urethra, or central nervous system, and transgenic techniques\nare being used to test specific urothelial abnormalities on bladder function. BPS/IC, FIC, and OAB appear to share some common\npathophysiology including increased purinergic, TRPV1, andmuscarinic signaling, increased urothelial permeability, and aberrant\nurothelial differentiation. One challenge is to determinewhich of several abnormally regulated signaling pathways is most important\nformediating bladder dysfunction in these syndromes,with a goal of treating these conditions by targeting specific pathophysiology....
Aim of the present study is to evaluate the protective effect of morin hydrate on behavioral and biochemical alterations in animal model of huntingtons disease. Antioxidant properties of flavonoid are very well known. Many flavonoids have been studied for their effect in neurodegenerative diseases. 3-Nitropropionic acid (3-NP) is a well known experimental animal model of huntington’s disease (HD). Intraperitonial administration of 3-nitropropionic acid (10 mg/kg) treatment for 14 days in wistar rats successfully induced huntingtons disease (HD). Pretreatment with morin hydrate (50 mg/kg/b.wt and 80 mg/kg/b.wt) significantly modified many behavioral and biochemical alterations in the animal model. Behavioral alterations such as locomotar activity, muscle grip strength, memory dysfunction were assessed by using open field apparatus, rotarod apparatus, elevated plus maze respectively. Oxidative defense and mitochondrial enzyme activities were also estimated in the striatum. Results of this study showed that morin hydrate significantly attenuates the behavioral and biochemical alterations compared to the huntingtons control group. Thus the protective effect of morin hydrate against 3 nitropropionic acid induced animal model of huntingtons disease has been justified....
Although opioids offer potent analgesia for severe acute and chronic noncancer pain, adverse gastrointestinal effects potentially\nundermine their clinical utility. In particular, between 40% and 95% of patients develop opioid-induced constipation (OIC). Therefore,\nthere is a consensus that patients should commence laxatives at the start of opioid therapy and continue throughout treatment.\nNevertheless, laxatives are not routinely coprescribed with opioids. Even when concurrent laxatives are prescribed, approximately\nhalf the patients treated for OIC do not achieve the desired improvement. Moreover, laxatives do not target the underlying cause\nof OIC (opioid binding to the ??-receptors in the enteric system) and as such are not very effective at managing OIC.The failure of\nlifestyle modification and laxatives to treat adequately many cases of OIC led to the concurrent use of peripherally acting opioid\nantagonists (such as methylnaltrexone bromide and naloxone) to reduce the incidence of gastrointestinal adverse events without\ncompromising analgesia. Judicious use of the various options to manageOICshould allowmore patients to benefit fromopioid analgesia.\nTherefore, this paper reviews the causes, consequences, andmanagement of OIC to help clinicians optimise opioid analgesia....
The term diabetes mellitus describes a metabolic disorder of multiple etiology characterized by chronic hyperglycemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. It is a risk factor for common preventable co morbidities associated with sudden cardiac death, including coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction and heart failure. ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, beta-blockers, antiplatelet agents (aspirin) and possibly statin are use of cardiovascular complication in diabetes and combination with oral hypoglycemic agent. Two difference drug use in cardiac complication in diabetes, but today recently one tablet use in both diseases like hyperlipidemia and diabetes e.g Saroglitazar, So future new treatment only one drug is hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic agent used in cardiovascular complication in diabetes....
The present study was carried out to evaluate expression of matrix metalloproteinases in induced rat mammary\r\ntumours, based on real time PCR technique. In rats, tumours were induced by oral administration of DMBA. The most common\r\nhistological type of mammary tumour encountered in rats was papillary adenocarcinoma. The expression of MMP2 was\r\nobserved by PCR methods in all the tumour types of rat mammary tumours. The expression was higher in malignant tumours\r\ncompared to benign and non-neoplastic growths. Among malignant tumours the expression of MMP2 gene mRNA varied\r\nbetween the tumour types. In rat mammary tumours the MMP2 gene mRNA expressions were highest in papillary\r\nadenocarcinoma....
Vacuolar H+-ATPases (V-ATPases) are large multisubunit proton pumps that are required for housekeeping acidification of\nmembrane-bound compartments in eukaryotic cells. Mammalian V-ATPases are composed of 13 different subunits. Their\nhousekeeping functions include acidifying endosomes, lysosomes, phagosomes, compartments for uncoupling receptors and\nligands, autophagosomes, and elements of the Golgi apparatus. Specialized cells, including osteoclasts, intercalated cells in the\nkidney and pancreatic beta cells, contain both the housekeeping V-ATPases and an additional subset of V-ATPases, which plays\na cell type specific role. The specialized V-ATPases are typically marked by the inclusion of cell type specific isoforms of one or\nmore of the subunits. Three human diseases caused by mutations of isoforms of subunits have been identified. Cancer cells utilize\nV-ATPases in unusual ways; characterization of V-ATPasesmay lead to new therapeutic modalities for the treatment of cancer. Two\naccessory proteins to the V-ATPase have been identified that regulate the proton pump. One is the (pro)renin receptor and data\nis emerging that indicates that V-ATPase may be intimately linked to renin/angiotensin signaling both systemically and locally. In\nsummary, V-ATPases play vital housekeeping roles in eukaryotic cells. Specialized versions of the pump are required by specific\norgan systems and are involved in diseases....
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