Current Issue : January - March Volume : 2014 Issue Number : 1 Articles : 5 Articles
Background: The use of substandard and degraded medicines is a major public health problem in developing\r\ncountries such as Cambodia. A collaborative study was conducted to evaluate the quality of amoxicillinââ?¬â??clavulanic\r\nacid preparations under tropical conditions in a developing country.\r\nMethods: Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid tablets were obtained from outlets in Cambodia. Packaging condition, printed\r\ninformation, and other sources of information were examined. The samples were tested for quantity, content\r\nuniformity, and dissolution. Authenticity was verified with manufacturers and regulatory authorities.\r\nResults: A total of 59 samples were collected from 48 medicine outlets. Most (93.2%) of the samples were of\r\nforeign origin. Using predetermined acceptance criteria, 12 samples (20.3%) were non-compliant. Eight (13.6%),\r\n10 (16.9%), and 20 (33.9%) samples failed quantity, content uniformity, and dissolution tests, respectively.\r\nSamples that violated our observational acceptance criteria were significantly more likely to fail the quality tests\r\n(Fisherââ?¬â?¢s exact test, p < 0.05).\r\nConclusions: Improper packaging and storage conditions may reduce the quality of amoxicillinââ?¬â??clavulanic acid\r\npreparations at community pharmacies. Strict quality control measures are urgently needed to maintain the\r\nquality of amoxicillinââ?¬â??clavulanic acid in tropical countries....
In order to develop a novel transdermal drug delivery system that facilitates the skin permeation of lovastatin encapsulated in novel lipid-based ethanolic vesicular carriers (ethosomes) were constructed and further characterized for vesicular size, entrapment efficiency, in-vitro drug release study and stability. Effect of different concentration of lipid (1-3 % w/w), ethanol (25-40% w/w) and sonication time (10-30 minute) on different properties formulations (R-1 to R-17) was studied. The optimized formulation of lovastatin loaded ethosomes, were selected on criteria, of attaining the maximum value of transdermal flux and entrapment efficiency with minimized vesicle size by applying the point prediction method of the design expert software. Upon “trading off” various response variables and comprehensive evaluation of feasibility search and exhaustive grid search, the formulation composition with lipid (2%), ethanol (25%) and sonication time (30 min.) was found to fulfill the requirements of an optimum formulation (R-5), having entrapment efficacy of 78.28±2.13%, vesicle size of 65±6.08 nm and transdermal flux across rat skin of 51.02±3.68 µg/cm2/hr. The entrapment efficacy was found in the range between the lowest (59.34±2.7%) for the formulation (R6) and maximum entrapment efficacy was found (82.35±1.25%) for (R7). It is concluded from the experimental design that entrapment efficacy has a direct positive relationship with the concentration of ethanol and the sonication time. The In-vitro skin permeation profile of ethosomes shows the formulation R5 showing the maximum flux of 51.02±3.68 µg/cm2/hr with respect to the flux of normal ethanolic drug solution i.e. 3.76±0.36 µg/cm2/hr thus showing the enhancement ratio of 13.77±1.30.it has been observed that the transdermal flux increased with increasing the ethanol concentration and sonication time whereas the transdermal flux decreased with increasing the lipid concentration. Stability studies were performed for R-5ethosomes to study the effect of different temperature conditions on percent entrapment and optimized formulation to study content uniformity and physical appearance for 3 months. Finally, in light of the current data, it can be concluded that ethosomes were a promising candidate for transdermal delivery of Lovastatin and the results advocates the potential of ethosomes of being a safe and very efficient drug carrier for systemic as well as topical delivery of drug....
In field of pharmacy the various test must be carried out for the new drug or the formulation. Large amount of sample of drug are required for such tests so to minimize the amount of required drug the new technique named microfluidics is developed. In this author explained the technique of microfluidics and made review on the devices and the applications of this technique. This article will helpful for the information on microfluidics techniques....
The aim of this work was to investigate the phase behaviour and the structure of the n-hexane/water emulsions based on a\r\nnonionic, nontoxic and biocompatible surfactant, Tween 80. This system is of interest for new pharmaceutical techniques based\r\non supercritical fluids to form nano- and encapsulated particles. However, it showed a lack of stability denoted by large areas of\r\nmacroemulsion. For this reason, the effect of additives (alcohols and brine) and external variables (temperature) were explored.The\r\nreplacement of water by brine caused negligible impact due to the nonionic character of Tween 80. On the contrary, the presence\r\nof an alcohol (ethanol or 1-butanol) enhanced the solubility of the surfactant in the oil phase and decreased the mixture viscosity,\r\nresulting in improved surface activity. Similar results were obtained by raising the temperature until the cloud point was reached\r\n(60�°C).With these modifications, microemulsions at relatively low concentrations of surfactant (around 30%) and within a broad\r\ninterval of compositions could be obtained, widening their possible use in pharmaceuticals manufacturing (such as controlled drug\r\ndelivery, enzymatic reactions, or excipient processing). The understanding of the surfactant performance could be further used to\r\nsubstitute the n-hexane by a greener solvent, such as supercritical CO2....
Different software programs based on mathematical models have been developed to aid the\r\nproduct development process. Recent developments in mathematics and computer science\r\nhave resulted in new programs based on artificial neural networks (ANN) techniques. These\r\nprograms have been used to develop and formulate pharmaceutical products. In this study,\r\nintelligent software was used to predict the relationship between the materials that were used\r\nin tablet formulation and the tablet specifications and to determine highly detailed information\r\nabout the interactions between the formulation parameters and the specifications. The input\r\ndata were generated from historical data and the results obtained from analyzing tablets\r\nproduced by different formulations. The relative significance of inputs on various outputs\r\nsuch as assay, dissolution in 30 min and crushing strengths, was investigated using the\r\nartificial neural networks (ANNs), neurofuzzy logic and genetic programming (FormRules,\r\nINForm ANN and GEP).\r\nThis study indicated that ANN and GEP can be used effectively for optimizing formulations\r\nand that GEP can be evaluated statistically because of the openness of its equations.\r\nAdditionally, FormRules was very helpful for teasing out the relationships between the inputs\r\n(formulation variables) and the outputs....
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