Current Issue : January - March Volume : 2015 Issue Number : 1 Articles : 6 Articles
Carbonic acid (H2CO3) is a physiological chemical which is formed from a reaction between carbon dioxide and water in presence of carbonic anhydrase enzyme and dissociates into hydrogen ion (H+) and bicarbonate (HCO3 ). Carbonic acid is also described as volatile acid or respiratory acid because it is excreted as a gas by the lungs (CO2). Carbonic acid plays important role in maintaining the homeostasis in body through various adjustment depending on physiological and pathological conditions. In various systems in body, bicarbonate acts as a weak base and carbonic acid acts as a weak acid. Bicarbonate concentration is 24 mEq/liter. Carbonic acid concentration is 10.2 mmol/liter. Hydrogen ion concentration is 0.0004 mEq/liter (40 nEq/lit). Any imbalances in its buffering capacity may lead to severe pathological situations. This article is an attempt to crawl information on carbonic acid from reputed sources, dedicated to anatomy and physiology, so that readers can get relevant and concise information at one place in a single go, because carbonic acid plays crucial role in urinary, respiratory, digestive systems besides being an important chemical in blood....
Many inventions show that models for various pharmacological activities are based on or run with the help of electricity like, Rota rod apparatus, electro convulsion meter, photo meter etc. The recent study is based on the mechanical energy factor. The new rat exercise screening method is based on the rotating disc on its axis with longitudinal rod, the muscle strength of rat rotate the disc in clock wise and antilock wise direction. The model can be used for various behavioral studies like ant anxiety effect of drugs and weight reduction studies. The model is based on the height factor for the behavioral studies and for weight reduction it is based on the rotation of disc by the muscle strength of the rat. The model can be modified as per the demand of study for varying weight of animals by reducing and increasing the dimensions of model....
The objective of any dosage form is to offer a therapeutic quantity of drug to a proper site in the body so that the preferred drug concentration can be achieved. Currently transdermal drug delivery system has become most discussed topic in field of drug delivery system, around 40-45% of drug candidate are in clinical trials in form of transdermal dosage form. Vesicular delivery system has gained more importances in transdermal delivery system dual penetration power of ethanol and propylene glycol synergistically increase the permeation of drugs to deeper layers of skin shows systemic effect. Vesicles containing ethanol and propylene glycol (PG) have shown better stability than ethanol alone. Ethanol has penetration power which interacts and disrupts the stratum corneum lipid and causes fluidly which loosens the barrier for penetration of drugs. Propylene glycol has stabilizing effect to prevent aggregation of vesicles and also acts as penetration enhancer for transdermal drug delivery system. Vesicles are prepared by cold method, phospholipids containing ethanol and propylene glycol with ratio of 7:3 respectively. Model drugs such lamivudine, acyclovir, ketoconazole are tested for synergetic effect of ethanol and propylene glycol for permeation in the skin. Formulations are evaluated for entrapment efficiency, size of vesicles, zeta potential and stability studies. All drugs have shown better entrapment in vesicles containing combination of ethanol and PG than ethanol alone. Zeta potential of vesicles for all drugs has shown in ranges of -8.1 ±0.62to -17.23±1.03. Stability studies show that propylene glycol presences prevent aggregation of vesicles and prevent from leakage of vesicles. In-vitro studies are conducted using cadaver skin in franz diffusion cell. A drug release profile reveals that combination of ethanol and PG enhances the deposition and penetration of drugs into deeper layers of skin than ethanol alone. Combinations of dual penetration enhancer will synergistic increase the permeation of drugs into skin....
To evaluate the antidiabetic activity of the ethanolic extract of rhizomes of white ginger lily, Hedychium coronarium J. Koeing (Zingiberaceae) in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Ethanolic extract (250 and 500 mg/kg body weight) was administered orally to streptozotocin induced type II diabetic male wistar albino rats. The parameters studied included oral glucose tolerance test, fasting blood glucose, serum insulin and serum lipid profile, DNA, RNA and total proteins content in liver and testes and changes in body weights. The standard group received glibenclamide (0.25 mg/kg). In oral glucose tolerance test, reduction of fasting blood glucose levels took place from 60 min of extract administration. The extract and fraction produced a dose-dependent fall in fasting blood glucose (FBG). After 15 days of treatment with extract and fraction, the maximum reduction in FBG was observed in diabetic rats treated with ethanolic extract 500 mg/kg dose. A significant increase in serum insulin level was observed in the treated rats. Serum lipid levels were reversed towards near to normal and a control in the loss of body weight was observed in treated rats as compared to diabetic control. The extract treatment also showed a significant increase in DNA, RNA and total protein content in liver and testes tissue in diabetic rats. The results suggest that Hedychium coronarium has antidiabetic activity, thereby justifying its traditional claim and augmenting it into the present day systems of medicine....
Report of ââ?¬Å?MPCST and APTI MP State Branch Sponsored National Seminar on Reverse Pharmacology: The Time Tested Way to Drug Discoveryââ?¬Â held on 22nd August, 2014 at Smriti College of Pharmaceutical Education, Indore, India....
A convenient synthesis of 1-alkyl-carbaldehyde oximes, from heterocyclic compounds containing carbonyl group (C=O) via aryl-substitution and oximation as the key steps followed by williamsons reaction and esterification reactions to afford oxime esters respectively the new synthesized compounds were characterized by 1H-NMR, IR, MS and elemental analysis....
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