Current Issue : April - June Volume : 2015 Issue Number : 2 Articles : 9 Articles
Assessment of lethal dose-50 is often done by veterinarians in animal houses at biological units. The more reliable method we use for this is Reed and Muench. The calculations involved in the assessment are complex, confusing, time consuming and less easily reproducible. The aim of this research was to design a spreadsheet program based on the steps involved in Reed and Muench for assessment lethal dose 50. This way the laborious steps involved in the method can be easily calculated in a simple, clear, faster, reproducible, accurate and user-friendly manner....
This review summarizes the methods used to study real-time (37?C) drug release from nanoparticulate drug delivery systems and\nestablish an IVIVC. Since no compendial standards exist, drug release is currently assessed using a variety of methods including\nsample and separate (SS), continuous flow (CF), dialysis membrane (DM) methods, and a combination thereof, as well as novel\ntechniques like voltametry and turbidimetry.This review describes the principle of each method along with their advantages and\ndisadvantages, including challenges with set-up and sampling. The SS method allows direct measurement of drug release with\nsimple set-up requirements, but sampling is cumbersome.With the CF method, sampling is straightforward but the set-up is time\nconsuming. Set-up as well as sampling is easier with the DM, but it may not be suitable for drugs that bind to the membrane.\nNovel methods offer the possibility of real-time drug release measurement but may be restricted to certain types of drugs. Of these\nmethods, Level A IVIVCs have been obtained with dialysis, alone or in combination with the sample and separate technique. Future\nefforts should focus on developing mathematical models that describe drug release mechanisms as well as facilitate formulation\ndevelopment of nano-sized dosage forms...
Assessment of back titration is often done by veterinarians in animal houses at biological units. The more reliable method we use for this is Spearman and Karber. The calculations involved in the assessment are complex, confusing, time consuming and less easily reproducible. The aim of this research was to design a spreadsheet program based on the steps involved in Spearman and Karber for assessment of rabies virus back titration. This way the laborious steps involved in the method can be easily calculated in a simple, clear, faster, reproducible, accurate and user-friendly manner....
Oralmucosa is an attractive region for the local and systemic application ofmany drugs. Oralmucoadhesive films are preferred for\ntheir prolonged time of residence, the improved bioavailability of the drug they contain, their painless application, their protection\nagainst lesions, and their nonirritating properties. This work was focused on preparation of nonmedicated carmellose-based films\nusing both solvent casting and impregnation methods, respectively. Moreover, a modern approach to evaluation of mucoadhesive\nfilms applying analysis of texture and subsequentmultivariate data analysiswas used. In this experiment, puncture strength strongly\ncorrelated with tensile strength and could be used to obtain necessary information about the mechanical film characteristics\nin films prepared using both methods. Puncture work and tensile work were not correlated in films prepared using the solvent\ncastingmethod, as increasing the amount of glycerol led to an increase in the puncture work in thinner films. All measured texture\nparameters in films prepared by impregnation were significantly smaller compared to films prepared by solvent casting.Moreover,\na relationship between the amount of glycerol and film thickness was observed, and a greater recalculated tensile/puncture strength\nwas needed for an increased thickness in films prepared by impregnation....
Conventional drug delivery systems require periodic doses of the therapeutic agent to produce maximum therapeutic effect. For most drugs, conventional methods of drug administration are effective, except for some drugs which are unstable or toxic, narrow therapeutic window or some solubility problems, low half life. Aceclofenac is having very less aqueous solubility and certain side effects like gastric irritation, ulcer, temporal headache, low half life, poor flow properties, compression characteristics etc, so encapsulation of it into microsponge would improve its solubility, protect the gastrointestinal mucosa from direct exposure to drug and lower plasma levels by retarding and controlling the release rate and also improve flow properties and compression characteristics. In this study microsponges were prepared by emulsion solvent diffusion technique using ethyl cellulose, eudragit S100, eudragit RS100, eudragit RL100 and evaluated for % production yield, % loading efficiency and in-vitro drug release. Amorphization of drug into microsponge was confirmed by DSC. Controlled release tablets were prepared from optimized batch of microsponge by direct compression and then the prepared tablets were evaluated for hardness, friability, weight variation and in-vitro drug release study....
Although methods exist to readily determine the particle size distribution (PSD) of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API)\nbefore its formulation into a final product, the primary challenge is to develop a method to determine the PSD of APIs in a finished\ntablet. To address the limitations of existing PSD methods, we used hot-stage microscopy to observe tablet disintegration during\ntemperature change and, thus, reveal the API particles in a tablet. Both mechanical and liquid disintegration were evaluated after we\nhad identified optimum milling time for mechanical disintegration and optimum volume of water for liquid disintegration. In each\ncase, hot-stage micrographs, taken before and after the API melting point, were compared with image analysis software to obtain\nthe PSDs. Then, the PSDs of the APIs from the disintegrated tablets were compared with the PSDs of raw APIs. Good agreement\nwas obtained, thereby confirming the robustness of our methodology. The availability of such a method equips pharmaceutical\nscientists with an in vitro assessment method that will more reliably determine the PSD of active substances in finished tablets....
Assessment of virus end point is often done by veterinarians in animal houses at biological units. The more reliable method we use for the assessment of virus end point is Spearman and Karber. The calculations involved in the assessment are complex, confusing, time consuming and less easily reproducible. The aim of this research was to design a spreadsheet program based on the steps involved in Spearman and Karber for assessment virus end point assay. This way the laborious steps involved in the method can be easily calculated in a simple, clear, faster, reproducible, accurate and user-friendly manner....
Assessment of veterinary vaccine potency is often done by veterinarians in animal houses in biological units using Spearman and Karber which is basically complex and time consuming. In today's era of smart phones, tablet PCs and notebooks where a spreadsheet program in the form of Excel is readily accessible by most veterinarians, it would be possible to adapt the various laborious steps involved in the said method to a spreadsheet program. In this research we have designed a spreadsheet program based on the steps involved in Spearman and Karber for assessment of vaccine potency....
Electrospun microfibers (MFs) composed of pH and temperature responsive polymers can be used for controllable and variable\ndelivery of ibuprofen. First, electrospinning technique was employed to prepare poly(????-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(Nisopropylacrylamide-\nco-methacrylic acid) (pNIPAM-co-MAA) MFs containing ibuprofen. It was found that drug release rates\nfrom PCL MFs cannot be significantly varied by either temperature (22ââ?¬â??40?C) or pH values (1.7ââ?¬â??7.4). In contrast, the ibuprofen\n(IP) diffusion rates from pNIPAM-co-MAA MFs were very sensitive to changes in both temperature and pH. The IP release from\npNIPAM-co-MAA MFs was highly linear and controllable when the temperature was above the lower critical solution temperature\n(LCST) of pNIPAM-co-MAA (33?C) and the pH was lower than the pK???? of carboxylic acids (pH 2). At roomtemperature, however,\nthe release rate was dramatically increased by nearly ten times compared to that at higher temperature and lower pH. Such a\nunique and controllable drug delivery system could be naturally envisioned to find many practical applications in biomedical and\npharmaceutical sciences such as programmable transdermal drug delivery....
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