Current Issue : October - December Volume : 2015 Issue Number : 4 Articles : 4 Articles
Vaccination is the most effective method to prevent influenza infection. However, current influenza vaccines have several limitations. Relatively long production times, limited vaccine capacity, moderate efficacy in certain populations and lack of cross-reactivity are important issues that need to be addressed. We give an overview of the current status and novel developments in the landscape of influenza vaccines from an interdisciplinary point of view. The feasibility of novel vaccine concepts not only depends on immunological or clinical outcomes, but also depends on biotechnological aspects, such as formulation and production methods, which are frequently overlooked. Furthermore, the next generation of influenza vaccines is addressed, which hopefully will bring cross-reactive influenza vaccines. These developments indicate that an exciting future lies ahead in the influenza vaccine field....
Different batches of atorvastatin, represented by two immediate release formulation designs, were studied using a novel dynamic\ndissolution apparatus, simulating stomach and small intestine. A universal dissolution method was employed which simulated\nthe physiology of human gastrointestinal tract, including the precise chyme transit behavior and biorelevant conditions. The\nmulticompartmental dissolution data allowed direct observation and qualitative discrimination of the differences resulting from\nhighly pH dependent dissolution behavior of the tested batches. Further evaluation of results was performed using IVIVC/IVIVR\ndevelopment. While satisfactory correlation could not be achieved using a conventional deconvolution based-model, promising\nresults were obtained through the use of a nonconventional approach exploiting the complex compartmental dissolution data....
Solid dispersions of artemether and polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG6000) were prepared in ratio 12 : 88 (group-1). Self-emulsified\nsolid dispersions of artemether were prepared by using polyethylene glycol 6000, Cremophor-A25, olive oil, Transcutol, and\nhydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) in ratio 12 : 75 : 5 : 4 : 2 : 2, respectively (group-2). In third group, only Cremophor-\nA25 was replaced with Poloxamer 188 compared to group-2. The solid dispersions and self-emulsified solid dispersions were\nprepared by physical and freeze dried methods, respectively. All samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, attenuated total\nreflectance Fourier transforminfrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimeter, scanning electron microscopy, and solubility,\ndissolution, and stability studies. X-ray diffraction pattern revealed artemether complete crystalline, whereas physical mixture\nand freeze-dried mixture of all three groups showed reduced peak intensities. In attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform\ninfrared spectroscopy spectra, Cââ?¬â??H stretching vibrations of artemether were masked in all prepared samples, while Cââ?¬â??H stretching\nvibrations were representative of polyethylene glycol 6000, Cremophor-A25, and Poloxamer 188. Differential scanning calorimetry\nshowed decreased melting endotherm and increased enthalpy change (?????) in both physical mixture and freeze-dried mixtures\nof all groups. Scanning electron microscopy of freeze-dried mixtures of all samples showed glassy appearance, size reduction, and\nembedment, while their physical mixture showed size reduction and embedment of artemether by excipients. In group-1, solubility\nwas improved up to 15 times, whereas group-2 showed up to 121 times increase but, in group-3, when Poloxamer 188 was used\ninstead of Cremophor-A25, solubility of freeze-dried mixtures was increased up to 135 times. In fasted state simulated gastric fluid\nat pH 1.6, the dissolution of physical mixture was increased up to 12 times and freeze-dried mixtures up to 15 times. The stability of\nartemether was substantially enhanced in freeze-dried mixtures by using polyethylene glycol 6000, Cremophor-A25, and Poloxamer\n188 of self-emulsified solid dispersions of artemether in Hankââ?¬â?¢s balanced salt solution at pH 7.4....
Lipid excipients are applied for numerous purposes\nsuch as taste masking, controlled release, improvement of\nswallowability and moisture protection. Several melting techniques\nhave evolved in the last decades. Common examples\nare melt coating, melt granulation and melt extrusion. The required\nequipment ranges from ordinary glass beakers for lab scale\nup to large machines such as fluid bed coaters, spray dryers or\nextruders. This allows for upscaling to pilot or production scale.\nSolvent free melt processing provides a cost-effective, time-saving\nand eco-friendly method for the food and pharmaceutical industries.\nThis review intends to give a critical overview of the published\nliterature on experiences, formulations and challenges and\nto show possibilities for future developments in this promising\nfield. Moreover, it should serve as a guide for selecting the best\nexcipients and manufacturing techniques for the development of a\nproduct with specific properties using solvent free melt\nprocessing....
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