Current Issue : January - March Volume : 2017 Issue Number : 1 Articles : 5 Articles
The use of cassava starch for excipient in the manufacturing of the tablet has some problems,\nespecially on physical-mechanical properties. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect\nof various temperature and pH in the process of modification on the physical-mechanical properties\nof modified cassava starch. Modifications were performed by suspending cassava starch into a\nsolution of 3 % (w/v) PVP K30. The effect of various temperatures was observed at temperatures\nof 25; 45 and 65 C, while the effect of various pH was observed at pH of 4.0; 7.0 and 12.0. The\nresults showed that the temperature and pH did not affect the physical-mechanical properties of the\nmodified cassava starch. Modification of cassava starch at pH and temperature of 7.0 and 45 C\nwas produced modified cassava starch with the most excellent solubility, while the best swelling\npower were formed by the modification process at pH and temperature of 7.0 and 25 C. Overall,\nthe most excellent compression properties of modified cassava starch resulted from the\nmodification process at pH 12....
Aims: The aim of the work is to study the binder properties of native clay in metronidazole tablets.\nStudy Design: Extraction of clay, formulation of tablets and in vitro evaluation of the formulations.\nPlace and Duration of Study: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka\n410001, Nigeria. The study was carried out from August 2011 to September 2012.\nMethodology: Granules were prepared by wet granulation using 7.5, 10 and 12.5% w/w clay and\ngelatin as binders respectively. The pre-compression test was performed on the granules including the flow rate and the loose densities. The tablets were analysed by determining the weight,\ndisintegration time, friability, hardness and drug content. In vitro drug release was also studied in\n0.1 N HCl.\nResults: Results show that drug content ranged from 195.3 �± 0.07 to 208.2 �± 0.03 mg in all the\nformulations and show that metronidazole was not degraded by the clay. Tablets hardness range\nof 2.38 �± 0.55 to 5.99 �± 0.10 kgf for tablets formulated with 12.5 and 10% w/w of clay, while tablets\nformulated with gelatin had hardness of 5.99 �± 0.10 and 5.69 �± 0.99 kgf. Tablets containing 7.5, 10\nand 12.5.5% w/w of clay exhibited disintegration time of 1.4, 3.6 and 24 min while. About 80.3,\n58.2 and 36.8% of metronidazole were released from C1, C2 and C3 tablets formulated with 7.5,\n10 and 12.5% of clay as binder respectively at 5 min, while 42.1 and 10.1% were released from\ntablets formulated with 7.5 and 10% w/w of gelatin as binder. Tablets formulated with clay had\nhigher release of drug than those formulated with gelatin (p < 0.05).\nConclusion: Therefore, clay could be used as binder in formulating metronidazole tablets....
The focus of this research work was to develop a melt granulation technique to enhance solubility,\ndissolution rate and associated flowability concerns of Ibuprofen. Hydrophilic excipients like xylitol\nand lactose anhydrous were added to the binary mixture of conventional low melting surfactant\nPoloxamer 407 and Ibuprofen. Physical mixtures of Ibuprofen and Poloxamer 407 were prepared\nin ratios of 1:0.25, 1:0.5 and 1:0.75 using a water-jacketed high shear mixer. For each ratio of\nIbuprofen and Poloxamer 407, xylitol and lactose anhydrous were added separately at two levels\n(75 mg and 150 mg) per unit dose containing 200 mg drug. Phase solubility studies revealed\nlinearity in drug solubility enhancement with Poloxamer 407 concentration. In vitro dissolution\nstudies were carried out for drug, physical mixtures (PM) and melt granules (MG) for all ratios in\nde-ionized water and 0.1 N HCl (pH=1.2). Solid state characterization was performed using Fourier\ntransform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), modulated differential scanning calorimetry (mDSC) and\n powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) methodologies. Powder rheology studies were performed\nconventionally by measuring Carr�s index and Hausner�s ratio. Basic flowability energy values were\ncalculated using a powder rheometer to corroborate flowability data measured by conventional\nmethods. Particle morphological studies were done by Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and\nFluid imaging technologies. In-vitro dissolution studies showed approximately 7 fold drug release in\nwater and 19 fold drug release in acidic media for MG 1:0.75 at hydrophilic excipient level of 150\nmg compared to that of neat Ibuprofen in respective dissolution media. mDSC and PXRD data\nconfirms crystalline nature of drug in the formulations. FTIR data confirms no interactions between\ndrug and excipients used during processing. Particle morphology analysis confirms absence of\nrhombic Ibuprofen crystals in formulations. Dissolution rate and solubility enhancement was seen\ndue to synergistic effects of Poloxamer 407 and hydrophilic excipients incorporated in formulations....
The nasal absorption of macromolecules from powder formulations and the effect of sodium\ncarboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na) as a pharmaceutical excipient on their absorption were\nstudied. Model macromolecules were fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled dextran (average\nmolecular weight of 4.4kDa, FD4) and insulin. The plasma concentration of FD4 after application\nof the powder containing 50% starch (control) was higher than that after application\nof the solution, and the absorption from 50% starch powder was enhanced by the substitution\nof starch with CMC-Na. The fractional absorption of FD4 after administration of the\nCMC-Na powder formulation was 30% and 40% higher than that after administration from\nthe solution and the starch powder, respectively. The nasal absorption of insulin from the\npowder and the effect of CMC-Na were similar with those of FD4. The effective absorption\nof FD4 and insulin after application of powder with CMC-Na could be due to the increase in\nthe nasal residence of FD4 and insulin. No damage in the nasal mucosa or dysfunction of\nthe mucociliary clearance was observed after application of the drug powder and CMC-Na.\nThe present findings indicate that nasal delivery of powder formulations with the addition of\nCMC-Na as an excipient is a promising approach for improving the nasal absorption of\nmacromolecules....
Characterization of a polymer is essential for determining its suitability for a particular purpose. Thermochemical properties of\ncashew gum (CSG) extracted fromexudates of Anacardium occidentale L. and khaya gum (KYG) extracted fromexudates of Khaya\nsenegalensis were determined and compared with those of acacia gum BP (ACG). The polymers were subjected to different thermal\nand chemical analyses. Exudates of CSG contained higher amount of hydrophilic polymer.The pH of 2% w/v gum dispersions was\nin the order KYG < CSG < ACG. Calcium was the predominant ion in CSG while potassium was predominant in KYG. The FTIR\nspectra of CSG and KYG were similar and slightly different from that of ACG. Acacia and khaya gums exhibited the same thermal\nbehaviour which is different from that of CSG. X-ray diffraction revealed that the three gums are the same type of polymer, the\nmajor difference being the concentration of metal ions.This work suggests the application of cashew gum for formulation of basic\nand oxidizable drugs while using khaya gum for acidic drugs....
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