Current Issue : July - September Volume : 2017 Issue Number : 3 Articles : 5 Articles
Exhaust emission from automobile source has become a major contributor to the air pollution and\nenvironmental problem. Catalytic converter is found to be one of the most effective tools to reduce the overwhelming\nexhaust pollutants in our environment. The development of sustainable catalytic converter still remains a critical issue\ndue to the stringent exhaust emission regulations. Another issue such as price and availability of the precious metal\nwere also forced the automotive industry to investigate the alternatives for producing a better replacement for the\nmaterial used in catalytic converter. This paper aims at reviewing the present development and improvement on the\ncatalytic converter used on the reduction of exhaust emission in order to meet the regulations and market demand.\nThe use of new catalyst such as to replace the noble metal material of Platinum (Pt), Palladium (Pd) and Rhodium\n(Rh) has been reviewed. Material such as zeolite, nickel oxide and metal oxide has been found to effectively reduce\nthe emission than the commercial converter. The preparation method of the catalyst has also evolved through the\nyears as it is to ensure a good characteristic of a good monolith catalyst. Ultrasonic treatment with combination of\nelectroplating technique, citrate method and Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) has been found as the latest novel\npreparation method on producing an effective catalyst in reducing the exhaust emission....
Since the tubeless tires and especially cast alloy wheels are used, the air tightness\nof wheels is an important factor of the automobiles quality. Based on\nspecification of the car industry that up to 10% decrease of the prescribed\nnominal tire pressure during a time of six-month is allowed, the requirements\npresented in specifications and norms are treated and validated. The practical\nexperience and influences on the wheel tightness control are discussed and the\ndata presented in a report of a wheel manufacturer, concerning the replacements\nof wheels in service due to air leakage are evaluated. Summarizing the\nresults of analyses, a proposal is made for the testing of the cast aluminum car\nwheels to meet the requirements for a reliable and economical air tightness\ncontrol in modern test facilities....
Reduction of NOX emissions and fuel consumption are the main topics in engine\ndevelopment, forcing the adoption of complex techniques and components, whose interactions\nhave to be clearly understood for proper and reliable operations and management of the whole\nsystem. The investigation presented in this paper aimed at the development of integrated control\nstrategies of turbocharging, high pressure (HP) and low pressure (LP) exhaust gas recirculation (EGR)\nsystems for better NOX emissions and fuel consumption, while analyzing their reciprocal influence\nand the resulting variations of engine quantities. The study was based on an extended experimental\nprogram in three part load engine operating conditions. In the paper a comparison of the behavior of\nthe main engine sub-systems (intake and exhaust circuits, turbocharger turbine and compressor, HP\nand LP EGR loops) in a wide range of operating modes is presented and discussed, considering open\nand closed loop approaches for variable nozzle turbine (VNT) control, and showing how these affect\nengine performance and emissions. The potential of significant decrease in NOX emissions through\nthe integration of HP and LP EGR was confirmed, while a proper VNT management allowed for\nimproved fuel consumption level, if an open loop control scheme is followed. At higher engine speed\nand load, further actions have to be applied to compensate for observed soot emissions increase....
Exhaust emissions especially from light duty gasoline engine\nare a major contributor to air pollution due to the large number of vehicles\non the road. The purpose of this study is to experimentally analyse the\nexhaust pollutant emissions of a four-stroke port fuel spark ignition\nengines operating using secondary butyl alcoholââ?¬â??gasoline blends by\npercentage volume of 5% (GBu5), 10% (GBu10) and 15% (GBu15) of\nsecondary butyl- alcohol (2-butanol) additives in gasoline fuels at 50% of\nwide throttle open. The exhaust emissions characteristics of the engine\nusing blended fuels was compared to the exhaust emissions of the engine\nwith gasoline fuels (G100) as a reference fuels. Exhaust emissions analysis\nresults show that all of the blended fuels produced lower CO by 8.6%,\n11.6% and 24.8% for GBu5, GBu10 and GBu15 respectively from 2500 to\n4000 RPM, while for HC, both GBu10 and GBu15 were lower than that\nG100 fuels at all engine speeds. In general, when the engine was operated\nusing blended fuels, the engine produced lower CO and HC, but higher\nCO2....
Owners of electric vehicles (EVs) can offer the storage capacity of their batteries to the operator of a microgrid as a service\ncalled vehicle-to-grid (V2G) to hold the balance between supply and demand of electricity, particularly when the microgrid has\nintermittent renewable energy sources. Literature review implies that V2G has economic benefits for both microgrid operator and\nEV owners, but it is unclear how these benefits are divided between them. The challenge grows when the policy makers rely on the\nV2G revenue as an incentive for expanding the penetration of EVs in the automotive market. This paper models the interaction\nbetween microgrid operator and EV owners as a bargaining game to determine how the benefits of V2G should be divided. The\nmethod has been implemented on a hybrid power system with high wind penetration in addition to diesel generators in Manjil,\nIran.The results indicate that, in addition to V2G benefits, government subsidies are necessary to promote the use of EVs....
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