Current Issue : October - December Volume : 2018 Issue Number : 4 Articles : 5 Articles
Globalization forces companies to internationalize their operation in the\nglobal market. Exporting plays a vital role in economic development of a nation\nas well as for the development of the particular exporting company. Although,\nthe benefits derived from exporting in an increasingly globalized\nmarketplace are enormous, but for many companies, exporting is constrained\nby numerous challenges. The purpose of the study was to assess export marketing\nchallenges of Ethiopian vegetable and fruit commercial growers. The\nstudy investigated 20 Ethiopian vegetable and fruit commercial growers and 8\nstakeholders with questionnaires and interviews. The research utilized a\nmixed research design and analysis techniques specifically concurrent embedded\napproach. It is found out that the Ethiopian vegetable and fruit commercial\ngrowers export volume and sales lacks consistency and constrained by\ndifferent challenges. Of the major challenges which were classified as internal\nbarriers and external barriers, macro environmental barriers highly affected\nthe growers. Local investors were highly affected by both the internal and external\nproblems whereas foreign and joint ventures are affected in some extent\nwith those problems. Less experienced growers were highly affected by the\nexport problems than those who are more experienced. Management commitment\nproblem; technological advancement problem; financial; lack of accessible\ntransport system; low awareness of stakeholders; seasonality of Ethiopian\nsupply; shortage of cargo; shortage of infrastructure; government bureaucracy;\nlack of potential markets; and shortage of inputs were identified as\nproblems for the vegetable and fruit export. Therefore, to minimize these\nproblems creating enabling policy environment; fair and competitive air\nfreight cost; the growers to incorporate challenges in their export marketing\nstrategy; the government to explore new markets, provide technical supports and long-term loans to growers; to create new competitive input suppliers;\nintegration of stakeholders of the sector; and to recruit skilled manpower are\nforwarded as recommendations....
Nigeria�s dependence on oil revenue has been a cause for concern, especially as oil is an internationally traded commodity whose price is subject to unpredictable changes. The volatility in price of oil has various implications for both oil importing and exporting countries alike. However, oil export revenue dependent nations are more prone to the consequences, especially during periods of negative volatility. Nigeria�s economy is highly dependent on crude oil export revenue, hence, fluctuations in oil prices affects Nigeria�s macroeconomics. This study empirically investigated the economic effects of oil price volatility on Nigeria�s economy using some macroeconomic indicators such as gross domestic product (GDP), exchange rate (EXR), interest rate (INR), Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), and balance of payment (BOP). Ordinary Least Square (OLS) estimation was used to assess the impact of oil price fluctuation (independent variable) on the macroeconomic indicators listed above (dependent variables). The result of the study shows that the macroeconomic variables respond to changes in the price of oil (volatility), although at varying extent/degrees. This result underscores the contribution of oil as the major foreign revenue earner for the country. Based on the result of the study, it is concluded that oil price volatility is linearly related to the macroeconomic variables investigated, and that price volatility has an effect on interest rate, balance of payment, gross domestic product and foreign direct investment. Consequently, it is recommended that Nigerian economy should be diversified to guarantee non-dependence on oil revenue as the major source of foreign income earner, and that investment in local production to encourage export, while discouraging over importation is imperative....
This paper uses cointegration analysis method to estimate the correlation between\nChina�s per-capita consumption expenditure and the amount of soybean\nimported from the United States. It is found that importing soy from the\nUnited States can reduce China�s per capita consumption expenditure. There\nis a long-term equilibrium between the per capita consumption expenditure\nand the imports of soybean native to the United States. In the short term, one\nof them can have a lasting impact on the other....
Based on the classification of HS (Harmonized Commodity Description and\nCoding System), and according to the method of Lall (2000) [1], Sino-US\ntrade products are divided into five categories, namely primary products, resource-\nintensive products, low technology products, medium technical products\nand high-tech products. Based on the data from the first quarter of 2005\nto the fourth quarter of 2017, the influence of bilateral real exchange rate on\nthe structure of Sino-US export trade was studied by using VAR model in this\npaper. The empirical results show that there is a strong granger causality between\nSino-US bilateral real exchange rate and Sino-US export trade product\nstructure, the former being the latter�s granger reason; in the short term, the\nappreciation (devaluation) of the real exchange rate between China and the\nUS is conducive (inconducive) to an improvement in the trade structure,\nwhich has long been detrimental (beneficial) to the improvement of the trade\nstructure. In general, the appreciation of RMB is unfavorable to the improvement\nof the technical structure of Sino-US export trade. Variance decomposition\nshows that Sino-US bilateral real exchange rate has a great contribution\nto the technical structure of Sino-US export trade....
Studying the history of ââ?¬Å?economic turbulenceââ?¬Â, we ended up with the certainty\nthat the statistical methods used so far, by economists, are unsuitable to\nmodel it. We have mainly the methods of Normal distribution and Random\nWalk in mind. Moreover, the picture of reality we get from time series depends\non the time-frame of the data usedââ?¬Â¦ Different time-frame data, different\nrealityââ?¬Â¦ In addition, econometricians provided a whole family of econometric\nmodels to approach reality, starting in early 1980s, with ââ?¬Å?autoregressive\nmodelsââ?¬â?ARââ?¬Â combined or not with MA (moving averages). But even its 1986\nflagship, the GARCH, with its many variations, cannot cope with a number of\ncharacteristics, one of which is leptokurtosis (small alpha, higher peaks and\nlong tails) [1], though some argue that it can cater for outliers. Economic turbulence,\nlow or highââ?¬â?despite its characterization by Science as rareââ?¬â?became\nfrequent since 1987 (Black Monday)... In late 1990s e.g. the global financial\nsystem underwent 6 crisesââ?¬â?which have been called ââ?¬Å?near turbulencesââ?¬Âââ?¬â?over\na number of countries, including Russia in 1998. The next turbulence will not\nbe one generation apartââ?¬â?we reckon. This paper is an attempt to invite writers\nto write a ââ?¬Å?theory of economic turbulenceââ?¬Â. Turbulence is a nightmare, which\nwakes people up suddenly, and unexpectedly, but it is something people wish\nto forgetââ?¬Â¦ till it strikes again: turbulence stroke in 1929 on (Black) Tuesday,\nthen in 1987 on (Black) Monday and in end-2008, the Great Recessionââ?¬â?on\n29th September. In Black Monday stock markets around the world crashed\nlosing a huge value in a matter of very short time (Hong Kong, Europe, and\nUSA). The Dow fell ~23%. At that time OPEC collapsed in 1986 and the price\nof oil doubledââ?¬Â¦ The dry cargo shipping sector entered a turbulent situation\nsince 1989, which has been deteriorated since 2015 reaching finally an alpha\nequal to ~1.43 < 1.70 by 2035ââ?¬Â¦...
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