Current Issue : April - June Volume : 2018 Issue Number : 2 Articles : 5 Articles
Nutrition is a primary modifiable determinant of chronic noncommunicable disease, including\nosteoporosis. An etiology of osteoporosis is the stimulation of bone-resorbing osteoclasts by reactive\noxygen species (ROS). Dietary polyphenols and probiotics demonstrate protective effects on bone\nthat are associated with reduced ROS formation and suppressed osteoclast activity. This study\ntested the effect of dietary enrichment with powdered whole grape and probiotics (composed of\nequal parts Bifidobacterium bifidum, B. breve, Lactobacillus casei, L. plantarum, and L. bulgaricus) on bone\nmicroarchitecture in a mouse model of age-related osteoporosis. Groups (n = 7 each) of 10-month-old\nmale mice were fed one of six diets for 6 months: 10% grape powder with sugar corrected to 20%;\n20% grape powder; 1% probiotic with sugar corrected to 20%; 10% grape powder + 1% probiotic with\nsugar corrected to 20%; 20% grape powder + 1%probiotic; 20% sugar control. Femur, tibia and 4th lumbar\nvertebrae from 10-month-old mice served as comparator baseline samples. Bone microarchitecture was\nmeasured by micro-computed tomography and compared across diet groups using analysis of variance.\nAging exerted a significant effect on tibia metaphysis trabecular bone, with baseline 10-month-old mice\nhaving significantly higher bone volume/total volume (BV/TV) and trabecular number measurements\nand lower trabecular spacing measurements than all 16-month-old groups (p < 0.001). Neither grape nor\nprobiotic enrichment significantly improved bone microarchitecture during aging compared to control\ndiet. The combination of 20% grape + 1% probiotic exerted detrimental effects on tibia metaphysis\nBV/TV compared to 10% grape + 1% probiotic, and trabecular number and trabecular spacing compared\nto 10% grape + 1% probiotic, 1% probiotic and control groups (p < 0.05). Femur metaphysis trabecular\nbone displayed less pronounced aging effects than tibia bone, but also showed detrimental effects of the\n20% grape + 1% probiotic vs. most other diets for BV/TV, trabecular number, trabecular spacing and\ntrabecular pattern factor (p < 0.05). Tibia and femur diaphysis cortical bone (cortical wall thickness and\nmedullary area) displayed neither aging nor diet effects (p > 0.05). Vertebrae bone showed age-related\ndeterioration in trabecular thickness and trabecular spacing and a trend toward preservation of trabecular\nthickness by grape and/or probiotic enrichment (p < 0.05). These findings demonstrate no benefit to\nbone of combined compared to independent supplementation with probiotics or whole grape powder\nand even suggest an interference of co-ingestion....
The primary objective of this clinical study was to evaluate the effect of a dietary\nmultivitamin, multimineral and phytonutrient (VMP) supplement on blood nutrient status and\nbiomarkers of heart health risk in a Russian population. One hundred twenty healthy adults\n(40ââ?¬â??70 years) were recruited for a 56-day (eight-week) randomized, double blind, placebo controlled\nstudy with parallel design. Subjects were divided into two groups and received either a VMP\nor a placebo (PLA) supplement. Blood nutrient levels of Ã?²-carotene, Ã?±-tocopherol, vitamin C,\nB6, B12, red blood cell (RBC) folate, Zinc and Selenium were measured at baseline and on Days\n28 and 56, and quercetin was measured at baseline and on Day 56. Blood biomarkers of heart\nhealth, i.e. homocysteine (Hcy), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), oxidized LDL (ox-LDL),\ngamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), uric acid and blood lipid profile, were measured at baseline\nand Day 56. Dietary VMP supplementation for 56 days significantly increased circulating levels of\nquercetin, vitamin C, RBC folate and partially prevented the decline in vitamin B6 and B12 status.\nBoth serum Hcy and GGT were significantly reduced (âË?â??3.97 Ã?± 10.09 Ã?¼mol/L; âË?â??1.68 Ã?± 14.53 U/L,\nrespectively) after VMP supplementation compared to baseline. Dietary VMP supplementation\nimproved the nutrient status and reduced biomarkers of heart health risk in a Russian population....
As soy-derived glyceollins are known to induce antioxidant enzymes in various types\nof cells and tissues, we hypothesized that the compounds could protect neurons from damage\ndue to reactive oxygen species (ROS). In order to examine the neuroprotective effect of glyceollins,\nprimary cortical neurons collected from mice and mouse hippocampal HT22 cells were challenged\nwith glutamate. Glyceollins attenuated glutamate-induced cytotoxicity in primary cortical neuron\nisolated from mice carrying wild-type nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), but the\ncompounds were ineffective in those isolated from Nrf2 knockout mice, suggesting the involvement\nof the Nrf2 signaling pathway in glyceollin-mediated neuroprotection. Furthermore, the inhibition\nof heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a major downstream enzyme of Nrf2, abolished the suppressive\neffect of glyceollins against glutamate-induced ROS production and cytotoxicity, confirming that\nactivation of HO-1 by glyceollins is responsible for the neuroprotection. To examine whether\nglyceollins also improve cognitive ability, mice pretreated with glyceollins were challenged with\nscopolamine and subjected to behavioral tests. Glyceollins attenuated scopolamine-induced cognitive\nimpairment of mice, but failed to enhance memory in Nrf2 knockout mice, suggesting that the\nmemory-enhancing effect is also mediated by the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Overall, glyceollins\nshowed neuroprotection against glutamate-induced damage, and attenuated scopolamine-induced\nmemory deficits in an Nrf2-dependent manner....
Phytomelatonin (plant melatonin) is chemically related to the amino acid tryptophan and\nhas many diverse properties. Phytomelatonin is an interesting compound due to its outstanding\nactions at the cellular and physiological level, especially its protective effect in plants exposed to\ndiverse stress situations, while its vegetable origin offers many opportunities because it is a natural\ncompound. We present an overview of its origin, its action in plants in general (particularly in plant\nspecies with high levels of phytomelatonin), and its possibilities for use as a nutraceutical with\nparticular attention paid to the beneficial effects that it may have in human health. The differences\nbetween synthetic melatonin and phytomelatonin, according to its origin and purity, are presented.\nFinally, the current market for phytomelatonin and its limits and potentials are discussed....
Resistant starch (RS) is a type of dietary fiber that has been acknowledged for multiple\nphysiological benefits. Resistant starch type 4 (RS4) is a subcategory of RS that has been more\nintensively studied as new types of RS4 emerge in the food supply. The primary aim of this\nrandomized, double-blind, controlled study was to characterize the postprandial glucose response\nin healthy adults after consuming a high fiber scone containing a novel RS4 or a low fiber\ncontrol scone without RS4. Secondary aims included assessment of postprandial insulin response,\npostprandial satiety, and gastrointestinal tolerance. The fiber scone significantly reduced postprandial\nglucose and insulin incremental areas under the curves (43ââ?¬â??45% reduction, 35ââ?¬â??40% reduction,\nrespectively) and postprandial glucose and insulin maximum concentrations (8ââ?¬â??10% and 22%\nreduction, respectively). The fiber scone significantly reduced hunger and desire to eat during\nthe 180 min following consumption and yielded no gastrointestinal side effects compared with the\ncontrol scone. The results from this study demonstrate that a ready-to-eat baked-good, such as a\nscone, can be formulated with RS4 replacing refined wheat flour to yield statistically significant and\nclinically meaningful reductions in blood glucose and insulin excursions. This is the first study to\nreport increased satiety after short-term RS4 intake, which warrants further investigation in long-term\nfeeding studies....
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