Current Issue : July - September Volume : 2019 Issue Number : 3 Articles : 9 Articles
Family planning coupled with basic health services makes appositive contribution to the health and wellbeing of mothers and children. In the reproductive age group of 15-45 years, there are 35 million people who are not using any methods of contraception. In spite of the fact that they would like to stop or space child bearing but do not have the adequate knowledge on standard days method regarding ‘Necklace’ a women’s life to plan a family. This study focuses on mothers in reproductive age helping to use natural family planning the best method and 100% effective and has no side effects. Using simple random sampling method 32 mothers were selected and data was collected using structured interview schedule, likert scale and a practice checklist. The result showed that teaching programme was effective in improving the knowledge, attitude and practice level of the mothers. The researcher concluded that necklace method is an effective method of natural contraception....
The objective of this study was to describe Thrombotic manifestations and\ntherapeutic management during HIV infection and tuberculosis in a\n19-year-old male student. The objective of this study was to describe Thrombotic\nmanifestations and therapeutic management during HIV infection and\ntuberculosis in a 19-year-old student. Observation: It is Mr. S. C., aged 19,\nadmitted for pain and swelling of the right lower limb, physical asthenia and\nnotion of fever. Evolution 5 days, with no particular history of cardiovascular\ndisease, anti-retroviral treatment for 1 year and anti-tuberculosis treatment\nfor 3 months. On clinical examination heart sounds are irregular with a heart\nrate at 115 bpm, blood pressure at 110/70 mmhg. A febrile red painful swelling\nat right lower limb with positive Homans sign. 0DegreeC (Temperature\n37.7DegreeC), Weight at 58 Kg. The rest of the clinical examination is without particularity.\nVenous Doppler echo of the lower limbs: shows the presence of\nacute deep vein thrombosis of the right lateral vein. Mr. S. C. to benefit the\nfollowing Medical Treatment: lovenox 0.6 UI subcutaneously morning and\nevening, Sintrom 4 mg 1 comprimed at night, Tramadol 50 mg morning and\nevening; with a good clinical evolution. CONCLUSION: TB and HIV are\nchronic infections that result in widespread inflammation predisposing patients\nto a MTVE (Venous thromboembolic disease) table as well as rifampicin\nand anti-proteases....
Background: Despite increased antiretroviral therapy (ART) coverage, the incidence of HIV infection among women\nin rural South Africa remains high. While many socio-demographic and behavioral factors have been identified, the\neffect of female migration intensity on the risk of HIV acquisition before and after ART scale-up has not been\nevaluated in the country.\nMethods: We followed 13,315 female participants aged 15-49 who were HIV-uninfected at baseline and recorded\ntheir migration events between 2004 and 2015. Using a Cox proportional hazard model, we estimated the time to\nHIV acquisition among the women, adjusting for annual migration intensity (high: Less than equal to 2 events/year, moderate = 1\nevent/year, and low = 0 event/year) before and after ART scale-up in 2010.\nResults: 1998 (15%) new HIV-infection events were recorded during the observation period. Overall, high migration\nintensity was associated with an increased HIV acquisition risk among women when compared with low migration\nintensity (HR = 2.88, 95% CI: 1.56-5.53). Among those with high migration intensity, the risk of HIV acquisition was\nsignificantly lower in the post-ART period compared to the pre-ART period, after controlling for key sociodemographic\nand behavioural covariates (aHR = 0.18, 95% CI 0.04-0.83).\nConclusions: Women who migrated frequently after ART scale-up had a significantly reduced HIV acquisition risk\ncompared to those before its implementation. While this reduction is encouraging, women who migrate frequently\nremain at high risk of HIV acquisition. In the era of ART, there remains a critical need for public health interventions\nto reduce the risk of HIV acquisition in this highly vulnerable population....
Background. Postexposure chemoprophylaxis can prevent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in risk health care\nworkers; however routine adoption of these practices by the workers has been limited. Methods. A cross-sectional study was\nconducted on 311 health care workers of Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital between February and March 2016. Data was\ncollected using a structured self-administered questionnaire and analysed using STATA12. Results. In all, 83%of the participants had\nadequate knowledge of postexposure prophylaxis for HIV. All the respondents had heard about postexposure prophylaxis for HIV;\nhowever, only 37 (22.4%) workers know the definition of the postexposure prophylaxis. Among study participants, the majority of\nthem, 272(87.5%),knewthepreferable time to initiatepostexposure chemoprophylaxis.Asignificant number of theworkers (43.4%)\nhad an unfavorable attitude towards postexposure prophylaxis. Among 53 workers with a potential exposure to HIV, 38 (71.7%)\ntook postexposure chemoprophylaxis and only 26 (44.8%) completed taking postexposure prophylaxis correctly. Conclusion. In all,\nmost of the health care workers had adequate knowledge about postexposure prophylaxis against HIV/AIDS.The result shows that\na significant number of individuals had a negative attitude and poor practice with regard to postexposure prophylaxis. Therefore,\nformal training that aims to improve attitudes and support to improve postexposure prophylaxis implementation and completion\nare needed. We would recommend the establishment of appropriate guidelines and the supply chain to ensure the availability of\npostexposure prophylaxis drugs for the protection of healthcare workers with potential high risk exposure to HIV....
Background: Despite the advances in therapy, the occurrence of drug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus\ntype 1 (HIV-1) is a major obstacle to successful treatment. This study aimed to characterize the genetic diversity and to\ndetermine the prevalence of transmitted drug resistance mutations (TDRM) between individuals recently or chronically\ndiagnosed with HIV-1 from Paraná, Brazil.\nMethods: A total of 260 HIV-1 positive antiretroviral therapy-naïve patients were recruited to participate on the study,\nof which 39 were recently diagnosed. HIV-1 genotyping was performed using sequencing reaction followed by phylogenetic\nanalyses to determine the HIV-1 subtype. TDRM were defined using the Calibrated Population Resistance Tool\nprogram.\nResults: The HIV-1 subtypes frequency found in the studied population were 54.0% of subtype B, 26.7% subtype\nC, 6.7% subtype F1 and 12.7% recombinant forms. The overall prevalence of TDRM was 6.7%, including 13.3% for\nrecently diagnosed subjects and 5.9% for the chronic group.\nConclusions: The prevalence of resistance mutations found in this study is considered moderate, thus to perform\ngenotyping tests before the initiation of antiretroviral therapy may be important to define the first line therapy and\ncontribute for the improvement of regional prevention strategies for epidemic control.\nKeywords: HAART , Genotype, Epidemiology, Mutation, Drug resistance...
Depression is most frequently and highly occurring common mental disorder in HIV/AIDS patients especially youth living with\nHIV/AIDS. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of depressive symptoms among youth living with\nHuman Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) attending Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) follow-up at public hospitals in Addis Ababa,\nEthiopia. Objective. To assess the prevalence and associated factors of depressive symptoms among youth living with Human\nImmunodeficiency Virus (HIV) attending Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) follow-up at public hospitals Addis Ababa, Ethiopia,\n2016. Method. In a cross sectional study, 507 HIV-positive young people from public health hospitals were recruited by systematic\nrandomsampling technique. BeckDepression Inventory-II was used to assess depressive symptoms.Moriskymedication adherence\nrating scale, social support rating scale, and HIV stigma scale were the instruments used to assess the associated factors. Results.\nPrevalence of depressive symptoms among HIV-positive youth was 35.5% (95% CI:31.3, 39.6). In multivariate analysis, age range\nbetween 20 and 24 years with (AOR=2.22, 95% CI: 1.33,3.62), history of opportunistic infection (AOR=1.94, 95% CI:1.15,3.27),\npoor medication adherence (AOR=1.73, 95%CI:1.13,2.64, low social support (AOR=2.74, 95%CI:1.13,2.64), moderate social support\n(AOR=1.75 95% CI: 1.03,2.98), and stigma (AOR=2.06, 95% CI: 1.35,3.14) were associated with depressive symptoms. The results\nsuggest that prevalence of depressive symptoms among HIV-positive youth was high. Prevention of opportunistic infection, stigma,\nand counseling for good medication adherence are necessary among HIV-positive youth....
Background: In patients with non-HIV Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PjP), computed tomography imaging\nreveals ground grass opacities (GGO). Previous reports show that some patients with non-HIV PjP exhibit GGO with\ncrazy paving. However, there have been no studies on the association between crazy paving GGO and non-HIV PjP\nclinical outcomes. Here, at the diagnosis of non-HIV PjP, we reviewed high-resolution computed tomography\n(HRCT) findings that included GGO types and evaluated the prognostic impact of crazy paving GGO on the clinical\noutcomes of non-HIV PjP immunocompromised patients.\nMethods: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical information including the HRCT findings of patients diagnosed\nwith non-HIV PjP from five institutions between 2006 and 2015. The GGO types included those with or without\ncrazy paving. The associations between clinical factors such as HRCT findings and in-hospital mortality were\nassessed using the Cox regression model.\nResults: Sixty-one patients were included in our study. Nineteen patients died at a hospital. All patients\nexhibited GGO on HRCT imaging at diagnosis of non-HIV PjP. The HRCT findings included crazy paving GGO\n(29 patients, 47.5%), consolidations (23 patients, 37.7%), bronchiectasis (14 patients, 23.0%), and centrilobular\nsmall nodules (30 patients, 49.2%). Cysts were not observed in any patient. Multivariate analysis revealed that\ncrazy paving GGO and low serum albumin levels were independent risk factors for mortality.\nConclusions: At the diagnosis of non-HIV PjP, patients with crazy paving GGO on HRCT imaging and low\nserum albumin levels may have a poor prognosis....
Background: Opportunistic infections, while well studied in the AIDS population, continue to have variable and\nsurprising presentations. Here, we present a case of disseminated histoplasmosis with disseminated nontuberculous\nmycobacterial infection in a 50 year old man with long standing AIDS living in a non-endemic area.\nCase presentation: Patient presented with a constellation of symptoms, and imaging of the chest showed a\npulmonary mass with cavitation, multiple nodules, and ground glass opacities. Further investigations revealed\ngranulomatous lung nodules and fungemia consistent with Histoplasma capsulatum, and coinfection with\ndisseminated nontuberculous mycobateria in a nonendemic area.\nConclusions: Immunocompromised patients risk co-inhabitation by multiple infectious organisms. Some of these\norganisms may preside in the host for years prior to reactivation. Clinicians in non endemic areas should therefore\nbe careful to not overlook specific organisms based on a lack of a recent travel history. Physicians in nonendemic\nareas should become more familiar with the clinical findings and diagnostic approach of infectious such as\nHistoplasmosis, to ensure earlier recognition and treatment in immunocompromised individuals....
Background: It is yet a controversy subject whether low birth weight and infant\ndeath are associated to human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection. Objective:\nTo appreciate association between low birth weights, mother to child\nHIV transmission and infant mortality in HIV-1 infected pregnant women\ndelivering between 2011 and 2016. Materials: We conducted 6 years cohort\nstudy in urban Mali. Outcome included preterm delivery, small for gestational\nage, infant survival status and HIV transmission. Comparison concerned\nwomen clinical WHO stage, mother viro-immunological status, and newborn\nanthropometric parameters. Results: HIV-1 infected women who delivered\nlow birth weight newborn were 20.9% (111/531) versus 16.5% (1910/11.546)\nin HIV negative patients (p=0.016). CD4 T cell counts low than 350 T cells\ncount were strongly associated to LBW (p=0.000; RR=3.03; 95% CI [1.89 -\n3.16]). There is no significant association between ART that was initiated\nduring pregnancy (p=0.061, RR=0.02; CI 95% (1.02 - 1.99)) or during delivery\n(p=0.571; RR=1.01; CI 95% (0.10 - 3.02)) and LBW delivery. In multivariate\nanalysis ART regimens containing protease inhibitor (PI) were lone\nregimens associated with LBW ((p=0.030; RR=1.001; 95% confidence interval\n[1.28 - 3.80]). Very low birth weight was statistically associated to\nwomen HIV infection (adjusted relative risk, 2.02; p=0.000; 95% confidence\ninterval (2.17 - 4.10)). There is no significant difference between mother to\nchild HIV transmission rate in the two HIV-infected pregnant women (10\ninfected children in group 2: MTCT rate 4.5%) and 3 infected children in\ngroup 1 (MTCT rate: 2.7%) (p=0.56; RR, 0.59; CI 95% (0.18 - 4.39)). In multivariate\nanalysis, LBW was associated with infant death (p=0.001; RR =\n2.04; CI 95% [1.04 - 5.05]). The median weight of infant at the moment of\ndeath in group 1 was 851 g (IQR: 520 - 1833 g). Significant relationship was\nfound between infant death among LBW newborn with mother WHO stage 2\n(p=0.004; adjusted RR=3.22; CI 95% [2.25 - 6.00]), CD4 T cells count < 350\ncells/mm3 (p=0.005; RR=2.81; CI 95% [1.20 - 4.11]), PI regimens (p =\n0.030; RR=1.00; CI 95% [1.28 - 3.80]). Conclusion: We confirm increased\nrisk of low birth weight and mother HIV-1 infection and we identified\nstrongest association between mortality in infant born to HIV-1 infected\nmother and LBW....
Loading....