Current Issue : January - March Volume : 2011 Issue Number : 1 Articles : 6 Articles
Background: International initiatives such as the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief and the President's Malaria Initiative have significantly increased availability and access to medicines in some parts of the developing world. Despite this, however, skills remain limited on quantifying needs for medications and ordering, receiving and storing medications appropriately; recording medications inventories accurately; distributing medications for use appropriately; and advising patients on how to use medications appropriately. The Regional Technical Resource Collaboration for Pharmaceutical Management (RTRC) has been established to help address the problem of skills shortage in pharmaceutical management in East Africa.\r\n\r\nMethods: The initiative brings together academic institutions from four East African countries to participate in skills-building activities in pharmaceutical supply management. The initiative targeted the institutions' ability to conduct assessments of pharmaceutical supply management systems and to develop and implement effective skills-building programmes for pharmaceutical supply chain management.\r\n\r\nResults: Over a two-year period, the RTRC succeeded in conducting assessments of pharmaceutical supply management systems and practices in Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda. In 2006, the RTRC participated in a materials-development workshop in Kampala, Uganda, and contributed to the development of comprehensive HIV/AIDS pharmaceutical management training materials; these materials are now widely available in all four countries. In Tanzania and Uganda the RTRC has been involved with the training of health care workers in HIV/AIDS pharmaceutical management. In Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda the RTRC has been conducting operations research to find solutions to their countries' skills-shortage problems. Some of the interventions tested include applying and evaluating the effectiveness of a novel skills-building approach for pharmaceutical supply management....
Supply chain is a network of interconnected business involved in ultimate provision of product and packages required by end customer. Supply chain activities transform natural resources, raw materials and components into a finished product that is delivered to the end customer. In sophisticated supply chain systems, during the supply chain process many company faces the problem like, problems in Distribution network, inefficient Distribution strategy, Trade –offs in logistical activity, Lack of Information, Improper Inventory management, Problem in Cash flow arranging. For solving these problem there are some measures to solve these problem which are as supply chain management should be too short, efficient transportation facility should be there, maintain good relationship from supplier to retailer, and flow of cash should be efficient. Therefore Supply chain is essence of every organization and hence supply chain play and vital role in smooth functioning of each and every organisation.without proper supply chain organization can not survive in corporate world....
We develop an integrated mixed-integer linear programming model for production-distribution and transportation planning in three-stage supply chains (SCs). The model has two versions, the fully optimized version (FOV) and the less fully optimized (LFOV). Each of the versions determines the optimal quantity of each product to be produced at each plant in each period, kept in inventory at each plant in each period, transported to each distribution centre (DC) from each plant in each period, subcontracted at each DC, kept in inventory at each DC, and transported from each DC to each retailer in each period. It also determines the optimal amount of extensions needed at each DC in each period. Examples given to test and compare the two versions of the model show that they work very well. In all the examples, the optimal objective-function values produced by the FOV are greater than those produced by the LFOV. The examples also show that using a single model to integrate and optimize all the stages and key components of a SC simultaneous can greatly enhance an organization�s operational efficiency and financial performance....
A systematic and descriptive framework of pharmaceutical marketing in India is better understood through its various strategies like product, price, place, promotion and physical distribution for sustainable development to face emerging challenges offered by the market place. In product life cycle as well as market life cycle decision making is most crucial factor for a successful marketer. Therefore product should be backed by innovative strategies to make him a successful brand to sustain in the market and analyzing the factors involved in backing the product portfolio such as strong distribution system and supply chain management. Furthermore now a day product life cycle becomes shorter due to heavy competition and Governments rules and restrictions. Physical distribution is another most important element of marketing mix. Due to intensifying competition that are demanding for more feasible 'Physical Distribution' for the product that has to be placed as per the convenience of the marketer and within the reach of the customer. The pharmaceutical marketing channel where the main customer i.e. physician (prescriber) is indirectly involved when the product is physically transferred from manufacture to stockists to chemist to patient. Therefore pharmaceutical marketing where Physical Distribution is totally depends on the prescriber's habit and marketer has to sharpen their network for best service and face emerging challenges in the market and minimize the ever increasing cost of physical distribution....
Processed food and eating out of the home are increasing phenomena, which presents new business opportunities for food manufacturers. However, the new food products require increased quality and safety, and thereby a more controlled distribution. The overall purpose of the research presented in this article is to describe the food supply chain from a critical context point of view in order to highlight the risks and the traceability issues. The paper expands previous discussions regarding critical control points into a critical context perspective in traceability in food supply chains. The initial part of the study is based on a literature review in the area of traceability combined with a number of related search words. A number of case studies have been carried out in order to map the food supply chains and better understand consumer standpoints. This paper describes how the system for distribution of food from manufacturer to end-user operates in Sweden. The chains studied all showed critical contexts. The paper suggests attitudinal changes towards overall supply chain responsibility, better resource utilisation and increased knowledge among actors. Furthermore it suggests supply chain actors to better integrate consumer insights on food safety perceptions in order to create value....
Although a number of Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) in Tanzania economy is high, their share in national income is significantly low due to lack of efficiency. The choice to implement supply chain and supply chain management by SMEs will lower costs and increase efficiency, which will eventually help in lowering costs and increase gains to both SMEs and the country. In this research we have compared the differences in perceptions of small and medium-sized enterprises against large enterprises. The methodology, employed was cross-sectional survey of Tanzanian enterprises engaged in agricultural processing. The findings clearly show that SMEs give less attention to supply chain management strategies, also reluctant to employ transparent integrated system to link them with other actors in the chain. Absence of compatible organization structures in SMEs is seen as a major obstacle for complete implementation of integration strategy....
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