Current Issue : January - March Volume : 2013 Issue Number : 1 Articles : 6 Articles
Orbifloxacin is a fluoroquinolone drug, exclusively developed for the veterinary medicine. But since the discovery of the drug, there are very few research is available on the pharmacokinetics of orbifloxacin and there is lack of data availability of on retention time. Therefore, we have conducted the study to elucidate retention time of orbifloxacin in healthy mehsana goats and patanwadi sheep. The study was conducted on 6 healthy goats and 6 healthy sheep. Blood samples (5 mL) were collected by using heparinized tubes from jugular vein without drug administration. Different standards of orbifloxacin were prepared by using pure form drug. Orbifloxacin standard concentrations in plasma were determined by high performance liquid chromatography with UV detector. In goats, the retention time was 2.426, 2.431, 2.432, 2.432, 2.432 and 2.431 min at different orbifloxacin standard concentrations 0.0625, 0.125, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 µg/mL, respectively. In sheep, the retention time was 2.412, 2.411, 2.412, 2.415, 2.415 and 2.415 min at different orbifloxacin standard concentrations 0.0625, 0.125, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 µg/mL, respectively. The mean retention time of orbifloxacin standards was 2.43 ± 0.0023 min and 2.41 ± 0.0019 min in goats and sheep, respectively. The study results indicate that retention time was comparable in both species. This method proved to be less time consuming and this is the need of the researchers. This can be used to carry out the pharmacokinetic analysis of orbifloxacin in the future....
The pharmacokinetics of beta-lactam antibiotics in intensive care patients may be profoundly altered due to the\r\ndynamic, unpredictable pathophysiological changes that occur in critical illness. For many drugs, significant\r\nincreases in the volume of distribution and/or variability in drug clearance are common. When ââ?¬Å?standardââ?¬Â\r\nbeta-lactam doses are used, such pharmacokinetic changes can result in subtherapeutic plasma concentrations,\r\ntreatment failure, and the development of antibiotic resistance. Emerging data support the use of beta-lactam\r\ntherapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) and individualized dosing to ensure the achievement of pharmacodynamic\r\ntargets associated with rapid bacterial killing and optimal clinical outcomes. The purpose of this work was to\r\ndescribe the pharmacokinetic variability of beta-lactams in the critically ill and to discuss the potential utility of TDM\r\nto optimize antibiotic therapy through a structured literature review of all relevant publications between 1946 and\r\nOctober 2011. Only a few studies have reported the utility of TDM as a tool to improve beta-lactam dosing in\r\ncritically ill patients. Moreover, there is little agreement between studies on the pharmacodynamic targets required\r\nto optimize antibiotic therapy. The impact of TDM on important clinical outcomes also remains to be\r\nestablished. Whereas TDM may be theoretically rational, clinical studies to assess utility in the clinical setting are\r\nurgently required....
Griseofulvin (GF) is antifungal drug having poorly water solubility. Solubility is the main constraint for oral bioavailability of drug. An attempt has been made to increase the solubility of this model drug by formulating solid dispersion (SD) using solvent evaporation method of solid dispersion (SD) for that purpose different concentration of Poloxamer 188 (PXM 188) and poloxamer 407 is used as polymer and then formulating SDs tablets. Tablet formulations were prepared by direct compression technique using 32 full factorial designs for optimization of process variable. The dichloromethane is used as solvent for preparation of SDs. The SDs were evaluated for XRD, solubility, in vitro dissolution profiles, and dissolution efficiency, and developed tablet formulations were evaluated for various pharmaceutical characteristics viz. hardness, % friability, weight variation, drug content, in vitro dissolution profiles, and dissolution efficiency. Among different formulations of SDs, SD containing drug to polymer ratio 1 : 3 (drug to poloxamer 188 ratio) and concentration of poloxamer 407 is 100 mg gives best dissolution profile and solubility. A formulation containing drug to poloxamer 188 ratios 1:3 and poloxamer 407 conc. 100 mg gives best solubility and dissolution profiles compared with other formulations. Results showed that poloxamer188 and poloxamer 407 is a promising polymer for enhancing the solubility and dissolution of Griseofulvin....
Simultaneous or sequential exposure to multiple chemicals may cause\r\ninteractions in the pharmacokinetics (PK) and/or pharmacodynamics (PD) of the individual\r\nchemicals. Such interactions can cause modification of the internal or target dose/response\r\nof one chemical in the mixture by other chemical(s), resulting in a change in the toxicity\r\nfrom that predicted from the summation of the effects of the single chemicals using dose\r\nadditivity. In such cases, conducting quantitative cumulative risk assessment for chemicals\r\npresent as a mixture is difficult. The uncertainties that arise from PK interactions can be\r\naddressed by developing physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models to\r\ndescribe the disposition of chemical mixtures. Further, PK models can be developed to\r\ndescribe mechanisms of action and tissue responses. In this article, PBPK/PD modeling\r\nefforts conducted to investigate chemical interactions at the PK and PD levels are reviewed\r\nto demonstrate the use of this predictive modeling framework in assessing health risks\r\nassociated with exposures to complex chemical mixtures....
The objective of the present paper was to determine the influence of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on the pharmacokinetics of\r\nisoflavones in healthy postmenopausal women. The study was a fixed-sequence, two-phase, crossover study. Twelve subjects\r\nreceived a single oral dose of 300mL of a soy beverage. Blood samples were collected before the dose and at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12,\r\n24, and 32 h after the administration of the soy beverage. After a washout period of at least 1 week, subjects were assigned to receive\r\noral doses of FOS, 5 g each time, twice a day (after breakfast and dinner) for 14 days, followed by a single oral dose of the same\r\nsoy beverage on the next day. Blood samples were then collected at the same time points mentioned previously. Plasma isoflavone\r\nconcentrations were determined by HPLC. Continuous oral administrations of FOS followed by a single oral administration of\r\nsoy beverage caused significant increases in Cmax, AUC0ââ?¬â??32, and AUC0ââ?¬â??8 of genistein and AUC0ââ?¬â??32 of daidzein, comparing to those\r\nobtained following a single oral dose of soy beverage alone. Other pharmacokinetic parameters (Tmax and t1/2 of both aglycones\r\nand AUC0ââ?¬â??8 of daidzein) between both regimens were not significantly different....
Long acting moxifloxacin is a fluoroquinolone drug, exclusively developed for the veterinary medicine. But since the discovery of the drug, there are very few research is available on the pharmacokinetics of long acting moxifloxacin and there is lack of data availability of on retention time. Therefore, we have conducted the study to elucidate retention time of long acting moxifloxacin in healthy patanwadi sheep. The study was conducted on 6 healthy sheep. Blood samples (5 mL) were collected by using heparinized tubes from jugular vein without drug administration. Different standards of long acting moxifloxacin were prepared by using pure form drug. Long acting moxifloxacin standard concentrations in plasma were determined by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detector. In sheep, the retention time was 6.771 min, 6.768 min, 6.765 min, 6.769 min, 6.760 min, 6.760 min, 6.761 min, 6.763 min and 6.761 min at different long acting moxifloxacin standard concentrations 0.025, 0.050, 0.100, 0.500, 1.250, 2.500, 5.000, 10.000 and 20.000 μg/mL, respectively. The mean retention time of long acting moxifloxacin standards was 6.76 ± 0.0023 min in sheep, respectively. The study results indicate that retention time was comparable in both species. This method proved to be less time consuming and this is the need of the researchers. This can be used to carry out the pharmacokinetic analysis of long acting moxifloxacin in the future....
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